The land of the arms of equal length (Nixdorf Diptych Book 1)

George's Basilica, Prague , St. Nicholas Church , St. Peter's Basilica , St. Prince Caspian , The Chronicles of Narnia: FC Lokomotive Leipzig , 1. A Knight's Tale is a American medieval adventure-comedy film written, produced, and directed by Brian Helgeland. A Sense of Purpose Tour was a concert tour by Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames in support of the act's ninth studio album, A Sense of Purpose, which was released in April The autostrada A1, officially named Amber Highway pol.

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Abraham ben Saul Broda Hebrew: October 8, — October 3, was a Filipino jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from to Abul Fateh 16 May — 4 December was a Bangladeshi diplomat, statesman and Sufi who was one of the founding fathers of South Asian diplomacy after the Second World War, having been the founder and inaugural Director of Pakistan's Foreign Service Academy and subsequently becoming Bangladesh's first Foreign Secretary when it gained its independence in The Academy Juvenile Award, also known as the Juvenile Oscar, was a Special Honorary Academy Award bestowed at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to specifically recognize juvenile performers under the age of eighteen for their "outstanding contributions to screen entertainment".

He was the Bishop of Prague and a missionary to the Hungarians, Poles, and Prussians, who was martyred in his efforts to convert the Baltic Prussians to Christianity. He is said to be the composer of the oldest Czech hymn Hospodine, pomiluj ny and Bogurodzica, the oldest known Polish hymn, but the authorship has not confirmed. Adam Bernard Mickiewicz 24 December November was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist. This article deals with historic administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia up to , when the country was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia and the divisions were changed.

Adolf Bastian 26 June February was a 19th-century polymath best remembered for his contributions to the development of ethnography and the development of anthropology as a discipline. Adolf Born 12 June — 22 May was a Czech painter, illustrator, caricaturist, and filmmaker. Adolf Heyduk 6 June — 6 February was a distinguished Czech poet and writer. Adolf Kneser 19 March — 24 January was a German mathematician. Adolf Rzepko — was a Polish composer, oboist, choral and orchestral conductor, and pianist.

Adolfo Lutz 6 October — 18 December was a Brazilian physician, father of tropical medicine and medical zoology in Brazil, and a pioneer epidemiologist and researcher in infectious diseases. Adorf is a small town and municipality in the Vogtlandkreis to the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Fear the Rush is a American science-fiction-action film written and directed by Albert Pyun and starring Christopher Lambert and Natasha Henstridge. Adriaen de Vries c. Prague and Adrian A.

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Prague and Aero A. After Forever is the eponymous fifth and final studio album by Dutch symphonic metal band After Forever. According to the British historian A. Taylor, the Polish—Soviet War "largely determined the course of European history for the next twenty years or more. An Agfacolor slide dated from Zakopane in Poland. An Agfacolor slide dating from the early s. While the colors themselves have held up well, damage visible includes dust and Newton's rings. Agfacolor was the name of a series of color film products made by Agfa of Germany.

Agnes of Bohemia, O. Agnieszka Pilchowa pseudonym Agni P. Ahold Czech Republic, a. Aino-Kaisa Saarinen born 1 February is a Finnish cross country skier who has competed since Airport Regions Conference ARC is an association of European regional and local authorities that host major international airports.

Alain Mimoun 1 January — 27 June was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events, cross-country running and the marathon. The Albanian national basketball team Federata Shqiptare e Basketbollit is the national basketball team of Albania and it has represented the nation since Albert Einstein 14 March — 18 April was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics alongside quantum mechanics.

Albert William Sherer Jr. January 19, — December 27, was an American diplomat. Prague and Albert W. Albin Schram — was one of the greatest collectors of autograph letters by shapers of world history. Alejandro Bedoya born April 29, is an American international soccer player who plays professionally for American club Philadelphia Union and the United States men's national team as an attacking midfielder or winger.

Aleksandar Lifka May 20, — November 12, was a European cinematographer. Soyuz 17 and Soyuz Aleksey Vladimirovich Dmitrik Russian: Aleksy Kuziemski born 9 May is a Polish professional boxer and light heavyweight world title challenger. Alena Seredova born 21 March Prague is a Czech model and actress currently living and working in Italy.

From these various places she created one utopian Garden of Eden. Isenrath made the series with the same title in August, of these young people change constantly. Because of Decorative Art and the Sorbonne, all in Paris. She did an access to the heavily polluted coastal areas of Louisiana, internship at Magnum, where she assisted Elliott Erwitt and Mississippi, Alabama and Florida was restricted, Isenrath Alec Soth.

Presently she is working with various media and decided to photograph the beautiful beaches which were non-governmental organizations, and focusing on her own still accessible. The barely visible clean-up crews and their long-term projects. Reboud derived the title of the series from the tables Lola Reboud France, studied photography at materials disrupt the idyll.

Super Dry as her graduation project.

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For him Britta Isenrath West Germany, graduated from the University of the Arts at Bremen in , with her series it is not a matter of reducing nature at a saccharine picture Kalpesh Lathigra Lost in the Wilderness post card, but rather of laying bare its various emotional The impressive landscape of the American Midwest was De Ridder sought echoes of the past in the landscape the backdrop for genocide during the second half of the of today, in this case in the Kennemer Dunes of North 19th century.

Countless Native American tribes were driven Holland. With his work De Ridder tries to make something from their land, exterminated or confined to reservations by which is pre-eminently individual, namely the experience of a duplicitous federal government. Kalpesh Lathigra pho- a landscape, accessible for viewers.

It is a place with massive problems: In his work De dimensions, from the meditative to the sinister. But its people also Ridder seeks to capture the fleeting and mysterious in nature. He travelled around through his native land in a interdisciplinary and activist work, in which environmental camper, photographing scenes of his countrymen engaged questions play a large role. The project shown laid the in recreational activities, presented in large format. Roberts foundation for a wider collaborative effort involving over thirty shows us a people who have a close bond with their local artists, which under the name of The Canary Project seeks to surroundings and the land.

Anyone wanting to know what it make the public more aware of climate change. His work has been interplay of shapes, textures, sounds, odours and light. It is honoured with the Vic Odden Award and the Bright Spark that character that makes it possible for us to feel a deep Award. Roberts took the World Press Masterclass, and has connection with nature. The artist duo TAXI were travelling published the the photo books Motherland and We with Gora, a little boy from the city, and by accident ended English Their traditions also name TAXI.

Samaipati studied at the North Bengal University, emphasize the direct relation between man and nature. This the Birla Institute of Liberal Arts and the National Institute connects with the scientific idea that all organisms and the of Fashion Technology. Roy Chowdhury studied at Calcutta non-organic environment water, rocks, soil are part of one University. The pair work in various media, from photography complex, integrated system. Since Suman Samaipati India, and Sourav mutilation. Rytz travelled into the Colombian Amazon rain Pachamama.

Notable founded AnthropoGraphia, an organization devoted to examples are the European ski resorts like Flaine and Avoriaz, advancing human rights by means of telling visual stories. Other ski resorts were more Wild West operations, non-profit organization for the promotion of documentary as the proliferation of chalet-like buildings testified. He lives and works in Montreal, Canada. As a photojournalist he has published in shot at places where scientists are researching climate de Volkskrant, Vrij Nederland and other periodicals. In addition, change and seeking ways to minimize its effects or help he has worked for various cultural institutions and commercial us adapt to them.

The serenity of these places contrasts clients. Here it is not the individual image that tells the story, Wherever I looked. It is for this reason that Sayler Avoriaz Portes de Soleil , Haute Savoie, France, Goos van der Veen Netherlands, received his diploma in from the School for Photography and Fotonica Marco Vernaschi Biophilia ongoing does tell us something about the psychology of perception.

We live in a time of massive change, in which the social The inner thoughts are exposed by the external world. The resulting disorientation forces us to recon- Academie voor Beeldende Vorming in Tilburg. In his work sider our lives. Nature, if it is not the answer, can at least he makes frequent use of found images — from picture post be a refuge where people can set up new ways of living, cards to family snapshots — that he appropriates in ways that or simply draw the inspiration necessary for their reflection.

But that is different in Colombia. There the struggle Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Culture, while TIME called him for land is the basis for an unceasing cycle of violence one of the most important contemporary artists. His work and minorities caught in the middle. Juan Calle Colombia, took courses at the New Yasser Aggour The Hunted ongoing York Institute of Photography, and is the founder and director of In Yasser Aggour began collecting photographs of dedicated to preserving the culture of small communities. In his hunting trophies and the proudly smiling hunters posing strongly conceptual work Calle tries to transcend the visual and with their dead prey.

The images had a strange and morbid create metaphors. Aggour decided to manipulate them digitally, stripping Good land, bad land out the hunters. His work is figures in abstract expressionism. His fields of flat, solid colour that it uses to be able to place photography spurs the viewer to reflect on the nature of the maximum emphasis on the colour itself.

For Rothko the medium, without surrendering any of its visual power. Rorschach seeking a powerful, abstract photography. A number Her photography is a mixture of the poetic and the concrete in of years back he became intrigued by a kind of picture the visual arts. Claire Dorn France, studied photography at the post card which depicts a landscape that is reflected in water. In a time span of four minutes it in fact one moment? Were these images manipulated and plays games with the rhythm and narrative conventions put together afterwards? Just as the blink of noting more to go on than a quote from the Japanese an eye disrupts the continuity of time and space, a frame writer Haruki Murakami: His work has been seen in seven solo in Shanghai he produced a series of large-scale works entitled exhibitions in his own country, and in group exhibitions Danish Diaries.

Funch lives and works in New York. It is as if it has been transplanted directly scape with the intention of abstracting or emphasizing ele- from the model railway he has as a child. Hafkenscheid asso- ments in that landscape. The photos, made over a period ciates the North American landscape with the trees of cotton of eight years, balance on the borders of photography, land wool and cardboard mountains through which his trains art and performance art, and regularly refer to art history. She was nominated for the Paul Huf Award and the scape in sharp focus, leaving the rest of the image fuzzy.

His work is still better known in right Hellsgate filling of public lakes for the benefit of developers. In her ers Caspar David Friedrich and J. Turner work she investigates memories and identity, on the basis of , who recorded their travels in romantic and objects and archives.

She was included in the book Front Line: Aislinn Leggett Canada, received her Bachelors in down on canvas years before. These photo montages new, contemporary dimension. He continued his studies in Germany, where volcanos. He has frequently exhibited his work in nature. And what sort of wilderness is it, if it Michael Najjar High Altitude can be reduced to the limited scale of a photo? In she took the European Asia. The photographic material that he assembled there Master of Fine Art in Photography at the Instituto Europeo formed the basis for a series on the fluctuations in financial di Design in Madrid.

In she published the monograph markets. Her work was previously seen during the important stock exchanges and made virtual data tangible Noorderlicht festival Another Asia. Wawi Navarroza Philippines, studied at De La by giving it the form of serrated mountain tops. Glaciers are melting, more than anywhere else. The result, Loan Nguyen tells us, is a constant state a metaphor for the thin line that separates the real and the Michael Najjar West Germany, is a pioneer. His work is on the interface of photography and information of agitation and anxiety.

Her own anxiety was the starting technology, of the past and future. By mixing realistic elements point for a series in which she attributed divine powers with imaginary creations, he forces us to see and think in new to herself, to influence the world for the better. In his first large-scale retrospective was to be seen shows us is of course impossible, but yet a striking and po- in the Fotomuseum and in GEM in The Hague. In , etic translation of the feeling that came over her thanks to and he collaborated on the Noorderlicht festivals.

Using landscape photography from years after his emigration to Switzerland. They are, De Ruijter observes, the How much information — abstract or visual — can you gather about a subject from one point of view? He has had Teide, the largest volcano on the island of Tenerife. Meike solo exhibitions in the Fries Museum, the Stedelijk Museum Nixdorf recorded the volcano from different angles, so Schiedam, and during Art Amsterdam, and was artist in that each image reveals new aspects of the same object.

Gerco de Ruijter Netherlands, studied at the puzzle which form one whole; on the other, each image is autonomous. Her work has been seen at and forests. That possibly explains the intimate bond that the Darmstadt Fotofestival, FotoFest Houston and in the he has with the landscape, Takeshi Shikama notes. In he published his first hills for landfill projects in the sea. Today this mini-state is photo series: Mori no Hida — Silent Respiration of Forests.

Whenever a landfill project a photographic investigation of nature. He shoots with large begins, widespread desert-like landscapes appear on the format cameras, and experimented with printing on handmade edges of Singapore, replacing now-vanished beaches. On Japanese gampi paper.

He he has been photographing flowers with a comparable received the Deutsche Bank Award for Photography and the feeling for abstraction. In this is not an attempt to give photography the illusion of he won the most important art prize in Singapore, the United painting. Small devia- by William S. Burroughs and Color is Power , and in tions stand out in the rigid rhythms of the rows of trees was inducted into the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

Canada, took workshops by the photographer and artist Lee Friedlander and the photographer Garry Winogrand. Blau He places toy cars and plastic trees in natural surroundings took her Master of Arts from Wimbledon College of Art. Justine Blau Luxembourg, is a multidisciplinary visual artist who uses photography, installations and sculpture. The digital flower arrangements of Anita Cruz-Eberhard are inspired by ikebana, the traditional Japanese art of a large format analogue camera.

He has published the printed form. The work underscores the illusory quality of into the unknown photography and demonstrates the inability of people to doubt what they see: Among the recognitions she has received for her work is landscapes. The mythic figures call up associations with the Sony World Photography Award. She studied there at the a world after a nuclear war, or with an extreme degree Apostolidou describes the beings, painted in a naive style, Alison Carey New Kingdoms as forlorn, out of their element and melancholy.

They are What will the world be like when synthetic organisms, the visualization of the forgotten animal side of man. Alison Carey photographed dioramas with creatures made from of evolution in which mankind has ceased to play a role. She later pursued a course in photography in her man. It is a science fiction landscape that is less unreal homeland, Greece. She works primarily for theatre and film than it seems. The progress of tissue engineering will make productions, and organizes workshops for children on isolated it possible in the future for us to create entities that can Greek islands.

Her work is included in the Justine Blau created a series of nine, at first glance wild and exotic landscapes in which man plays no role. We need and cataloguing nature. The series is when we avoid that contact. Flomen photographs a nature the outcome of various techniques, ranging from glass that we do not perceive directly, although we know it exists. For Cesaretti, these He work outdoors, where insects and the elements, but plants, once again awakened to life, are a metaphor for the also electromagnetic fields and other natural phenomena way that man seeks ways to survive in all circumstances.

His images, he explains, are intended to appeal to memories that are Margherita Cesaretti Italy, was trained as a painter at the Belle Arti in Florence, and in received a diploma from deeply anchored in our genes. From to Michael Flomen Canada, was Since then he has focused on the landscape, in particular on Christopher Colville Nothing Is the Rule snow.

Since he has been experimenting with exposing Creation and destruction become one in the work of Contact, Christopher Colville. The artist explodes small amounts of left Where Are You, photosensitive materials directly to the elements. Thanks to the long exposure time we see not only the tracks of the stars — as streaks of explosions are controlled by placing objects on the photo paper, the result is always a brilliant accident. Louis and light — but also the interference caused by clouds crossing the University of New Mexico.

His work is included in the sky and air pollution. The series consists of random the permanent collections of the International Center of compositions, which become a metaphor for greater Photography in New York and the Museum of Photographic natural forces that refuse to submit to our will for order. In Arts in San Diego, among other institutions. Presently Colville is these images Harper makes things palpable which remain a guest lecturer at Arizona State University. Once Houston, and other prestigious institutions.

Presently she is an they were completed the artist photographed them in instructor at Harvard University. The surrealistic One Month, Weather Permitting, result appears to have arisen in the mind of someone from Night Sky over Banff, Alberta, Canada another planet. She makes collages with the images she acquires, which are an ode to the power of nature and For many people, only part of the physical reality of the pose poetic questions about the essence of life and time.

In addition to the forms that we can see with the unaided eye, plants are sur- photography at Yale University. She has received grants rounded by an invisible electromagnetic field. Paul den from the Fulbright Foundation, the Japan Foundation and Hollander brings the form and field together, creating a the American Department of the Interior. At present she is totally new experience of reality as he does. He has published several monographs, extraterrestrials on board crashed near the American town including Moments in Time , Les Pyramides du Nord of Roswell, New Mexico — a claim shrouded in mystery and and Voyage Botanique , which earned the Foto source of many conspiracy theories.

It resulted, years later, in a uninter- He printed them out and photographed the prints in large rupted panoramic black and white photo half a metre high format, so that the digital image again became analogue. On it we see astronauts from the s, who once on the moon discover an expedition makes work in which the production process and from the early 20th century which was supposed to have experimentation are central.

He combines analogue projection, been lost. Kahn and Selesnick made use of miniatures and photography and heavy digital manipulation of the results to real actors, who come together in a story with different create an abstract reality. Anyone looking at nature will regularly recognize while studying at the Art School of Washington University, in structures that call up associations with maps and alien St. They combine photography and installations, and worlds. Peeter Laurits found them in the toadstools with specialize in fictional stories which are situated in a distant past which he was surrounded when he moved to a small hut in or distant future.

Their work is included in a number of museum the woods of southern Estonia. He photographed them so collections. Kahn and Selesnick have published three books: Dornith Doherty has been working together with prominent studied at the universities of Tartu, Tallinn and Leningrad, botanists from the seed banks of the American Department and at the New York International Center of Photography.

In a time of climate change and philosophy, literature and art, influences that are perceptible in declining biodiversity, these banks play an important his work. Since his work has been exhibited in England, role in guaranteeing genetic diversity. It was a hectic life, that took her body — which always turns its same face to us — stimulates all over the world.

In she decided to devote herself entirely our fantasies. Sergey Lutsenko evokes his own ideal image to her own work: It is not based on a metropolis, but on digital manipulation come together seamlessly. There are no people,just objects. With the use of Krasnodar. But by Judy Natal Future Perfect applying a sfumato technique to parts of the image, the im- The future perfect tense is used to describe events that in which we usually think about landscape: One is a piece of Sciences.

His work is a symbiosis between technology and desert near Las Vegas where experiments with sustainable nature, two ostensibly contrasting elements. It is reminiscent of the way The German photographer Edi Szekely Romania, living are taking place, the second the artificial ecosystem landscapes in Island. From the accumulated images Natal Stephanie Valentin earthbound composed several chapters. Starting in the year , she With earthbound — in small letters — Stephanie Valentin goes back to Noorderlicht shows the chapter. Now that climate change has Biosphere 2 at Oracle, Arizona and the third the geothermal In her work Judy Natal United States, focuses on the landscape and the ways in which interventions are made shown just how interconnected the biological, atmospheric in it.

She has published the books EarthWords and and geological systems of the world are with one another, Neon Boneyard Las Vegas A-Z , and has been artist she is chiefly interested in the question of where our in residence at Biosphere 2. Presently Natal is professor of knowledge of these systems, and with that our certain- photography at Columbia College, Chicago.

Stephanie Valentin Australia, makes the changing relations between nature, culture and technology central in When Catherine Nelson began photographing, the feeling her work, which is sometimes created in collaboration with crept over her that the medium fell short of being able to scientists.

She received her Masters degree in Photomedia get across her inner experience of the world around her. Her work has often been shown, and has in the film industry, where she had worked with the most been published in Wired and Nature. In the With the aid of digital techniques, topography, cartography and 3D software Marcel Wesdorp makes animated films in Photographic Studies cum laude at the University of and prints of digitally designed landscapes.

They are the Westminster in London. He won the jury prize of the Nikon outcome of a lengthy process of calculation, and convey Discovery Awards, and this year he competed for a Sony the sense of landscape by means of undulating hills. Be- World Photography Award. Presently he is artist in residence at cause of the absence of people, animals or plants, but also Kuandu Museum of Fine Arts in Taipei, Taiwan. Ignasi Cunill Spain, took a Master of Arts because the green tints are converted into grey tones, we scapes that accentuate the insignificance of man.

We live in a photography at the St. For his with the way in which people experience time. Fichou lives and works in Paris. Atlantique de la Photographie in Brest, and other venues. He reconstructions of wild nature. Just as a photograph memory of real nature, which we normally know only from Eric Jan van de Geer Private Landscape II photographs and films. By recording these backdrops The photographer Eric Jan van de Geer is interested in Karin Borghouts creates a memory of a memory. In doing commonplace things that usually escape our notice.

The photos are shot on landscape format Polaroid film. This was not from nostalgic considerations, is a memory of a moment, this fake nature is only a Karin Borghouts Belgium, was trained as a painter and sculptor. She has worked as a graphic designer, but for the restrictions that the material brings with it, which and photographed, since In her work she focuses force the artist to make hard choices.

Her work is on the Constantijn Huygens Hogeschool voor de Kunsten and the boundary between the visual arts and photography, and took the second phase curriculum in painting at the Frank frequently refers to painting. Mohr Institute in Groningen. They have symbolism of 17th century Dutch still-lifes, and the photo books, and were nominated for the Prix Pictet. She was Visiting Lecturer in Photography knowledge of and contact with nature. In that sense they at Humboldt State University in California.

Academy for the Fine Arts in The Hague. Both have received shaping the world around them according to their own and controlled at a macro level, but no less chaotic at the Christophe Maout Printemps level of the foliage — Jonathan Groeneweg touches on Often the planting in an urban environment — the greenery long-running discussions about the landscape and urban in planters in front of a building, the trees along a road — development.

Our changing perception of nature has direct has little more than a symbolic or decorative function. By using a very short depth of field, the surroundings fall away and the cherry blossoms, irises insights. With his aerial photos of gardens — mathematical Jonathan Groeneweg Canada, took his Bachelor of Fine Arts cum laude in at the University of Calgary, and and other plants become the stars. All the images were his Masters in Documentary Media at Ryerson University in made by Maout in Paris and its vicinity, without any digital As a photographer and as curator he was responsible for manipulation.

His dialectically coloured work transforms the traditional relation between image, format published in the French and international press, particularly with and the photographic frame. It's an illusion that demands a Maxtone-Graham captures the reactions of people who vast expenditure of energy. The result is a Rousseauesque game with our ideas and studied at the Art Academies in Berlin and Munich. Her work has been shown in the National Portrait Gallery and York Art Gallery, Jamie Maxtone-Graham United States, has been working as a cameraman for over 20 years, and since among other places.

She is presently working on a doctorate in has been recording the changing Vietnamese society in both photography at the University of Plymouth. Out of his concern for the health of urban dwellers, private, transcendent moments. Schreber advised that plots of land be reserved where city folk could practise gardening. According to Schreber that graduated cum laude in French and Spanish literature at Tufts would not only provide healthy physical exercise, but also University, Massachusetts, and took her Master of Fine Arts supplement the food supply for their families.

Nelson pho- in photography at Massachusetts College of Arts. She has tographed the gardens as individual private paradises. She is professor emeritus in the photography During the summers when she was nine and ten, Traer programme of the Department of Art at Ohio State University.

Scott spent her time in the local natural history museum. The goal is a on behalf of animal welfare. A woods is one of Rhode Island School of Design.

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She publishes frequently them. Yan Preston China, , now British, was born in Henan, China, lived for a long time in the county of Yorkshire, England, and worked for three years as an anaesthesiologist in Shanghai. They are broken up and saved in roundings. Today it is a green oasis in the midst of a busy pieces, which are only put back together when they are urban landscape.

Andy Sewell regularly wanders in The called up. The missing data is filled in by the brain. Kurt Heath in search of nature, fully realizing that the area was Tong took his pictures in a botanical garden, in a large shaped, and is maintained by the hand of man. His series format and under ever-changing lighting conditions. Ultimately he assembled an image again knowing exactly why. The Heath, his first photo book, was Communication. He has received a number of honours, included in various lists of important books of the year.

The residents of Gaza In name of progress short work is being made of the are conscious of this irony. A zoo is a small prison, they majestic African landscape and its wealth of animals. Additionally, a date engraved in a style anachronistic to the style of the instrument is a certain indication of a fake. Above all, weak engraving shows a lack of confidence in reproducing the characters. In attempting to copy a particular style, fakers often make narrow, shallow markings rather than confident, deep ones.

Pencil marks used for positioning characters can be an indication of a lack of confidence in the engraver's art and points to shoddy craftsmanship. Turner's talk neatly paved the way for the second speaker: Mr Chris Elton, a professional engraver. Turner's discussion of signatures, he confirmed that the techniques used to create flowers, flourishes and scroll-work is often as indicative of a particular engraver's style as handwriting might be. With practice, a maker can be identified by the style and type of the patterns produced, and by techniques of shading, marking out, fretting and piercing.

Mr Elton illustrated his talk with slides of his own work and some of the tools of his trade. He stressed the importance of scrutinising engraving under bright fight and high magnification. A fine piece of craftsmanship is recognisable by neat, gliding cuts in the metal which reflect an even fight. When looking for fakes, for example, one should be able to recognise that the engraving style matches that produced by the tools available at the time.

The afternoon closed with a practical demonstration of engraving by Mr Elton, during which members of the audience were invited to ask questions and even participate in the craft. A matching pair of sundials with an evolutionary theme have recently been placed above the entrance to the Geology Dept. The absolute duration of this 'hour' therefore depends on the season, being longer in summer and shorter in winter. The gnomon is simply a horizontal south-facing peg, with the shadow of its pointed tip indicating the time of day within areas bounded by very shallow curves.

The right hand dial Fig. Midday ks now called 12 noon. Geological time and evolution are symbolized by the Jurassic ammonite on the first dial, and Man on the modem dial. The quotation is from one of the earliest textbooks of geology: The gah,anonleter is connected to a therm,,pih.. In he left England and returned to Germany, with the intention of sailing on to Russia. However, in the Baltic harbour of Swiwenmunde he found a few companions with whom he spent a convivial time. But his peregnnations were not yet finished and Ruhmkorff, who really desired to improve his scientific knowledge, returned to Paris where he became a foreman in the famous optical firm of Chevalier.

Like many of his colleagues, at the beginning he partially transfiwmed his apartment into a workshop. He became an appreciattxt instrument maker, and established fruitfial relationships with several leading scientists of the time. His reputation quickly spread. In Ruhmkorff successfully participated in the French national exhibition. Among his much-admired instruments was a Melhmi bench' which was to become a standard piece of equipment in physics cabinets of the second half of 19th century. For this he was awarded a silver medal. In the following years Ruhmkorff became intensely involved with the 'induction coil saga'.

The aim of this article is not to retrace the complex history of this apparatus?

It is impossible to find a single inventor, for numerous scientists, instrument makers, engineers and amateurs contributed to the development of this very important device. But its origin can be traced to the first induction experiments performed independently around by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. Between and the Irish priest Nicholas J. Callan and the American instrument maker Charles G.

Page were able to empirically develop rudimentary induction coils. Within a few years the apparatus evolved into a more reliable instrument through the contributions of William Sturgeon, George H. Neef, Guillaume Benjamin Duchenne and many others. In the s small induction coils became popular electromedical devices, although they were never common in physical cabinets. In France some pioneering experiments concerning induction were performed by the physicist Antoine Philibert Masson from onward.

In Mascon, together with the instrument maker Louis Franqois Cl6ment Br4guet," constructed one of the first French induction coils. It is difficult to determine exactly when Ruhmkorff's interest in this type of apparatus was sparked, but it must have been around In a few years the Parisian maker was able to introduce several important improvements in the construction of these electrical instruments.

He increased the length of the wire in the secondary coil up to several kilometers and greatly improved its insulation. He separated the primary and secondary coils with an insulating glass tube, and then terminated the secondary with little brass balls fixed at the top of glass columns. In the circuit of the primary coil he included his inverter, a simple and practical device for reversing the direction of the current in the windings.

In , acting on the suggestion of the physicist Armand Fizeau, he placed a fin-foil capacitor in the wooden base of the instrument. The capacitor was connected across the contacts of the breaker in order to reduce the strong sparks which were produced between them every time the circuit was opened or closed, and greatly improved the output of the coil. Finally, in , he perfected and manufactured the mercury interruptors proposed by I.

The typical inverter is on the left of the instrument. Fernet, Trait4 mentaide de physique, Masson, Paris, , p. The condenser is enclosed in the base of the instrument, which incorporates a Foucault breaker. This type of interruptor was proposed by Foucault around From: It became one of the most important laboratory instruments of the time, and was universally known under the name of the "Ruhmkorff coil".

Because of the many and varied uses of induction coils, an increasing number of makers offered them in their catalogues. Specially designed portable Ruhmkorff coils enclosed in a wooden box were also widely used for detonating explosives. In several powerful mines were ignited in this way during the works for the Cherbourg harbour. Again, in a Ruhmkorff coil was used by French soldiers for blowing up the mines which destroyed the fort of Pei-Ho.

Miners safety lamps, and medical endoscopes which used a Geissler tube lit by a coil, were interesting but less successful applications. On the other hand thousands of small coils of varied design were sold by Ruhmkorff and other instrument makers as portable electromedical apparatus. Ozone production and ignition in the internal combustion engine were respectively accomplished by the electric field and sparks produced by induction coils.

Heinrich Hertz' fundamental experiments on electromagnetic waves were made with a Ruhmkorff coil. From the late s Tesla's high frequency currents were produced by using induction coils in connection with a special oscillating circuit. Gigantic devices of this kind were made, and some of them could produce 1 metre sparks, or even more. In the last years of the 19th century induction coils played an extremely important role in the discovery and production of X-rays, as well as for pioneeering wireless. Nevertheless, millions of small coils are still used today to fire the spark plugs in automobiles.

In , the first Paris Universal Exhibition was a triumph for Ruhmkorff, who received a silver medal and the cross of "Chevalier de la L6gion d'honneur". Not only were his coils highly appreciated, but all his instruments were acknow[ "2 edged for their quality. Included in his exhibits were electrical measurement 6 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. A gold medal was assured. Finally, he also participated to the Moscow exhibition of In , at the time of his death, about 30 people were employed in the workshop, and about l0 outworkers, a' The annual turnover of the firm was then around , francs.

No printed catalogue of Ruhmkorff is known: For one thing they were described and illustrated in most of the French treatises of physics and electricity of the time. Ruhmkorff occupied only two different residences in Paris. He later moved to 15, rue des Magons-Sorbonne. The name of this street was changed to rue Champollion in early Despite the many offers and suggestions of his German friends 2' to return to his fatherland, Rhumkorff preferred to stay in Paris.

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During the Prussian siege of the French capital Ruhmkorff was carefully watched by a guardsman, for the government feared that his mine-detonating electrical apparatus could be used by the Germans. Ruhmkorff would have liked to leave the city, but was at the time restricted by illness and forced to remain.

Despite the difficulties caused by war, one of his sisters was able join him in France. Finally, with the help of the American legation, she obtained permission to go back to Hannover with his brother. After the war Ruhmkorff returned to his beloved activities in Paris where, quite ill, he spent the last years of his life. In his name was given to a small Fig. Like many instrument makers of his time, Ruhmkorff was an extremely skilful experimenter. In the s he often participated in the successful "soir6e.

On these occasions some of the most important French scientists presented popular lecture-demonstrations. Related experiments were performed by Ruhmkorff and his colleagues, who also found in these events an opportune moment to talk about their most recent and interesting apparatus. His life was saddened bv the tragic loss of his only son. Ruhmkorff neither discovered any important scientific principle nor invented new apparatus, but with his skill and intelligence was able to perfect many sophisticated imtnnnents.

References

A number of research and didactic instruments gained popularity only after having been modified and improved by Ruhmkorff. Mid- 19th century experimental scientists found in his apparatus some of their best tools. Ruhmkorff's elegant design charactensed a few decades of philosophical instrument production, and was copied by several other French and foreign makers.

Many instruments signed by Ruhmkorff can still be seen today, exhibited in several 19th century scientific instruments collections both in Europe and in the United States. For this reason 1 have chosen the latter form but have not modified the quotations. The current horn a battery circulating in the primary is penodtcally interrupted by the breaker. The resulting change in the magnetic field induces a high voltage in the secondary coil. But the best sources are: Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, , pp mentions certain A. For political reasons he spent part of his life in Paris.

Baron, Naples, he descnbed on page The induction coil is described in abnost every elementary physics and electricity treatise of the last years. Hundreds of technical papers have been wntten about it. Among the most interesting books on its history and uses we recall: Villars, Paris, Amagat lists an interesting bibliography of more than one hundred titles.

In he was working as an engineer aiongskle Ruhmkorff's successor Jules Carpentier ; W. Schahn', Leipzig, [1. Some modem articles on the topics are: Hackmann, 'The induction coil in medicine and physics, ', in Blondel C. The name "RuhmkoHf coil" should refer only to instruments exhibiting the typical Features introduced by the Paris maker See Figs.

The maximum length of a spark depends on many factors, such as voltage, geometry of the spark gap, pressure, etc. Nevertheless, electrostatic induction machines reman, d popular until the 04 the 20th century. The electrical engineer and inventor Nikola Testa devised an oscillating circuit with a corelem t r Y. But in the committee decided to postpone its resolution for five additional years. Bemard, Next to come I. Morrison-Low Introduction Evidence for the making of scientific instruments tends to be constructed from scattered details that the historian has painstakingly assembled into some sort of pattern: This is entirely understandable: Additionally, the extremely small size of the trade compared with other sectors of the working population makes it correspondingly unlikely that such autobiographies should have survived in significant numbers.

Autobiographical writings are, in any case, usually private and unpublished works, intended only for members of the family. In the standard three volume reference work to working class autobiographies, only two accounts are listed that might be considered in the category of optical or mathematical instrument maker. Accounts written in later life may suffer even more from an author's tendency to set the record straight, or explain how events should look with the benefit of hindsight: John Holland of Sheffield One such autobiographical account, written in old age as a series of Fig.

Trustees of the National Library of Scotland. Its particular interest is that John Holland was brought up in an instrument-making family. His account provides valuable insights, not available from other sources, into the structure and operation of the instrument manufacturing trade at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In his youth, Holland worked with his father, an optical instrument maker:. John Holland, the father, was a maker of optical instruments. He worked at his trade at home in a large garret, which was furnished with turning lathes and other machinery pertaining to his craft.

He was a steady, thrifty, orderly man, and a great lover of news and of newspapers. His spare hours were spent in gardening, bee-tanning, coursing, and shooting. He died in , at the age of eighty-two years.

It is not known how long lather and son wrought together in their primitive workshop; but from letters written by Mr Holland many years after, it appears that he was at this time in the habit of visiting the warehouse of Messrs. R However, according to his biographer, this state of affairs did not last for long: In fact, the time spent in the manufactunng of optical instruments became perceptibly less week by week, while that devoted to reading and study steadily increased.

From he was editor of the Sheffield Iris, then between and he became joint editor of the Sheffield Mercury, and afterwards continued writing poems and columns for the Sheffield Telegraph, almost up to his death in Many of his anonymous writings were collected together in a contemporary scrapbook of his work that survives in Sheffield City Archives, and it is the presence in this volume of the parts of his autobiographical account that enables him to be identified as the author.

Three of the four parts are included in the volume, although their source and date are not noted, but the second and most interesting part is omitted: A,,ingle trade catalogue i. How the partners came together, I do not know; but they commenced making various articles in brass, on premi. How the street has altered! His family, consisting of him. Of the children, Luke died young; George went to Birmingham, where he married and died; William, of whom more hereafter, married Miss Deakin, a sister of the gentleman who originated the well-known useful charity which bears his name;: He has been long dead; but 1 owe his memory an expression of grateful respect, h r he was not only the first per.

There was an exception or two in this shop: Ben Wright, another pensioner, had "seen. Clark's Prices', u,hih" the page facing has other subcontracting r,'marks. William Egginton made long "six-glass," or, as they were called from their fiwm, "trumpet" telescopes [Fig.

At the adioining work-board, and making similar articles, was John Taylor, a member of an old Sheffield musical family;! Another member of the Volunteer band - if such he mav be called, though! But he wore a sword and I have heard "his companions in arms" chaff him ah ut the valour with which, during a field-day on Intake Common, he smote, severed, and laid low the tall bracken stems, only wishing that they had been Frenchmen! He was happily spared the peril of his bravery on any more formidable opponent.

His work in the shop was more pacific, he made "reading glasses," as they were called, i. Thus may we see, qtmth he, how the world n'loves. Among them was made what was called, if I recollect rightly "a side opera glass," i. I don't know whether the instrument continues with the practice. Th,'facmg pace has castings fi,r mahagany or sycamon" tubes, and boxes. I suppose the binocular spyglass with which we are now so familiar, in and out of the theatre, has superseded the little multitubular affairs which were thought so deserving of "honourable mention" in their day William Padley was the brass caster, and Thomas Stovin the glass caster, as they were called; the latter melted pieces of broken glass - more valuable in those days than now -tm a red-hot iron plate; then, with a spotula [sic], transferred the plastic mass from a mould under a screw press, out of which it came ready for grinding as a "spectacle eye.

But the moulding and casting in "front sand" was to me the more interesting operation, and at this Padley was an adept. And, boy as I was, I was both surprised and sorry to see him put in the melting pot shovelsfull of the fine, plump pennies of George the Third's reign, which I thought might have been so much better used.

But I lived to learn that each of these coins weighed nearly an ounce - while copper in the ingot was nearly two shillings a pound! And as "defacing the coin of the realm" was a penal offence, it were probable, had Mr Caster's offense against the law been witnessed by eyes less innocent than mine, he or his employers would have got "into a scrape! The chief of this ingenious band of artisans was Thomas Bird, a brother of the wellknown Bristol artist of that name, and whose pictures were in some estimation. These were worked by William Chadbum, grandfather of the worthy, ingenious, and enterprising principals of the firm of that name in the Nursery.

D Matthew, University of York; Mr. Weir, University of York.