Measurement Science for Engineers

Look closely at the least significant smallest digit in the top display. It appears to be flickering between flickering between 5 and 6. It is probably not broken. What makes you think that it is? Any measurement device can be used inappropriately.

A math error, an error of when, where or what can lead to systematic errors. The fog associated with frustration is often systematic error. A working system can appear broken because it is hidden behind a combination of fogging thinking and inconsistent use of measuring equipment. Someone else, with hardly any understanding can ask a single question that causes the systematic error to disappear.

Systematic error can disappear suddenly without apparent explanation. This is not time to rejoice, but for more puzzlement. It is now working. Systematic error can be associated with a person.

Unconscious feelings, expectations, and habits can cause a person to create systematic errors. Battle this by starting over from scratch.

Now repeat what you think happened to see if it starts working again. Most equipment has quirks of detail that need to be appreciated. For example, there is a mirror behind the needle of this meter movement. The designers assumption is that you will move your head so that the needle image in the mirror is directly underneath the needle. Random error can not be fixed. A better word is "uncertainty. The problem with uncertainty is that it grows as more complex systems interact.

The uncertainty or error can overwhelm the predictability of physics and chemistry. So what adds order? What makes weather if we can not predict it? What reality does biology sit on top of? An introduction to engineering class typically doesn't involve the above concepts.

Random error is assumed because it is a first best guess, a maximum worst case possibility, a starting point, an easy place from which to improve error analysis.

Repeating the same mistake or systematic error over and over again is silly. Suppose someone is measuring length but is moving their body and head into a different random position each time very unlikely to be random. Repeatedly measuring length over and over again and using statistics may reduce the error. But this is highly unlikely. Suppose a number of different aliens freshmen measure length with a number of different instruments actually same instrument used differently. Pass out meter sticks and ask freshman to measure the width of a desk..

Doing statistics on all their measurements may improve the measurement, but only if the distribution is truly random.

Refine your editions:

Suppose the systematic measuring mistakes of the freshman are studied over 10 years. Suppose the possible errors are categorized and the frequency of each is determined with high accuracy. Are there other calculus based, statistical techniques for reducing the error of a single freshman's measurement of length? Once more information about an error is well known, there are techniques to reduce the error of a single measurement.

But this is beyond the scope of this class. The important point is that most error is not random. We just assume it is random as a worst case. Assume random error when the fog around failure is unknown. For instance, the chemistry experiment yields different results every time it is repeated. Perhaps one or perhaps 10 systematic mistakes are being made. The random assumption is probably not true, but assuming random error as a first approximation can determine if a second experiment was better or worse. The objective of random error assumptions is not to discover the source of systematic error, but to find a starting point to begin searching for systematic errors.

The goal is to build confidence and figure out the next step and by estimating error. Leave it to NIST to identify the truly random error and more accurate decimal places. Use Random Error at the beginning of the project because of human frailty and to quickly compute maximum error. Comics And General Novels. The material for this book is adapted from course material for senior undergraduates and Master's students in measurement and instrumentation.

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It deals with basic concepts of electronic measurement systems, the functionality of their subparts and the interaction between them. This book, emanating from an international authority on the subject and his colleagues, provides basic knowledge about the physical and instrumentation aspects of measurement science, the availability of major measurement tools, and how to use them.

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