A New Look at Nagasaki, 1946
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Almost immediately I stumbled over grammatical errors, which I attributed to bad editing. But when I started reading factual errors i. I'm hoping that Amazon will pull the book from its sales shelves before more historical damage is done. Authors made several mistakes on the history.
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Elektronica topcadeaus Korting op parfum Cadeauwinkel Cadeaukaarten Kerst voordeel. Eamon Doherty Joel Liebesfeld. Samenvatting This book takes both a historical and personal views of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, The historical view is provided by Dr. The personal view is presented by Dr. Doherty who discusses the account of Robert J.
Army 34th Infantry soldier telephone lineman, who was stationed near Nagasaki. Robert took approximately pictures for his photo album with a simple Kodak camera. Although their verbal report was delivered to the military on Aug. The decision to surrender was therefore not based on a deep appreciation of the horror at Hiroshima. Third, the Japanese military understood, at least in a rough way, what nuclear weapons were. Japan had a nuclear weapons program. Several of the military men mention the fact that it was a nuclear weapon that destroyed Hiroshima in their diaries.
Anami Korechika, minster of war, even went to consult with the head of the Japanese nuclear weapons program on the night of Aug. Finally, one other fact about timing creates a striking problem.
Have 70 years of nuclear policy been based on a lie?
Either they succumbed to some sort of group schizophrenia, or some other event was the real motivation to discuss surrender. Historically, the use of the Bomb may seem like the most important discrete event of the war. From the contemporary Japanese perspective, however, it might not have been so easy to distinguish the Bomb from other events.
It is, after all, difficult to distinguish a single drop of rain in the midst of a hurricane.
In the summer of , the U. Army Air Force carried out one of the most intense campaigns of city destruction in the history of the world.
The Bomb Didn’t Beat Japan … Stalin Did
Sixty-eight cities in Japan were attacked and all of them were either partially or completely destroyed. Sixty-six of these raids were carried out with conventional bombs, two with atomic bombs. The destruction caused by conventional attacks was huge. Night after night, all summer long, cities would go up in smoke. In the midst of this cascade of destruction, it would not be surprising if this or that individual attack failed to make much of an impression — even if it was carried out with a remarkable new type of weapon.
A B bomber flying from the Mariana Islands could carry — depending on the location of the target and the altitude of attack — somewhere between 16, and 20, pounds of bombs. A typical raid consisted of bombers. This means that the typical conventional raid was dropping 4 to 5 kilotons of bombs on each city. A kiloton is a thousand tons and is the standard measure of the explosive power of a nuclear weapon.
The Hiroshima bomb measured Given that many bombs spread the destruction evenly and therefore more effectively , while a single, more powerful bomb wastes much of its power at the center of the explosion — re-bouncing the rubble, as it were — it could be argued that some of the conventional raids approached the destruction of the two atomic bombings.
The first of the conventional raids, a night attack on Tokyo on March , , remains the single most destructive attack on a city in the history of war. Something like 16 square miles of the city were burned out. An estimated , Japanese lost their lives — the single highest death toll of any bombing attack on a city. We often imagine, because of the way the story is told, that the bombing of Hiroshima was far worse.
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We imagine that the number of people killed was off the charts. But if you graph the number of people killed in all 68 cities bombed in the summer of , you find that Hiroshima was second in terms of civilian deaths. If you chart the number of square miles destroyed, you find that Hiroshima was fourth. If you chart the percentage of the city destroyed, Hiroshima was 17th. Hiroshima was clearly within the parameters of the conventional attacks carried out that summer. From our perspective, Hiroshima seems singular, extraordinary. On the morning of July 17, you would have been greeted by reports that during the night four cities had been attacked: Oita, Hiratsuka, Numazu, and Kuwana.
Of these, Oita and Hiratsuka were more than 50 percent destroyed. Kuwana was more than 75 percent destroyed and Numazu was hit even more severely, with something like 90 percent of the city burned to the ground. Three days later you have woken to find that three more cities had been attacked. Fukui was more than 80 percent destroyed. A week later and three more cities have been attacked during the night.
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Two days later and six more cities were attacked in one night, including Ichinomiya, which was 75 percent destroyed. And the reports would have included the information that Toyama roughly the size of Chattanooga, Tennessee in , had been Virtually the entire city had been leveled. Four days later and four more cities have been attacked. How much would this one new attack have stood out against the background of city destruction that had been going on for weeks? In the three weeks prior to Hiroshima, 26 cities were attacked by the U.
Of these, eight — or almost a third — were as completely or more completely destroyed than Hiroshima in terms of the percentage of the city destroyed. Two days after the bombing of Tokyo, retired Foreign Minister Shidehara Kijuro expressed a sentiment that was apparently widely held among Japanese high-ranking officials at the time. In time their unity and resolve would grow stronger. It is worth remembering that Shidehara was a moderate. At the highest levels of government — in the Supreme Council — attitudes were apparently the same.
If the Japanese were not concerned with city bombing in general or the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in particular, what were they concerned with? The answer is simple: The Japanese were in a relatively difficult strategic situation. They were nearing the end of a war they were losing. The Army, however, was still strong and well-supplied. Nearly 4 million men were under arms and 1. The question was not whether to continue, but how to bring the war to a close under the best terms possible.
- Samenvatting.
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- (Massen-) Medien und Politik als Gegenstände des Sozialkundeunterrichts (German Edition);
- After the A-bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki then and now – in pictures | Art and design | The Guardian.
- Joseph Kabila, la vérité étoufée (French Edition);
- After the A-bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki then and now – in pictures.
- The Bomb Didn’t Beat Japan … Stalin Did – Foreign Policy.
Korea, Vietnam, Burma, parts of Malaysia and Indonesia, a large portion of eastern China, and numerous islands in the Pacific. They had two plans for getting better surrender terms; they had, in other words, two strategic options. The first was diplomatic. Japan had signed a five-year neutrality pact with the Soviets in April of , which would expire in A group consisting mostly of civilian leaders and led by Foreign Minister Togo Shigenori hoped that Stalin might be convinced to mediate a settlement between the United States and its allies on the one hand, and Japan on the other.