Les Lois, Livres VII à XII: Livres VII à XII (GF) (French Edition)

The spread of Aboriginal man to North America. Some broader aspects of the History of Exploration: The Port of Tientsin and its Problems. The first crossing of Southwestern Arabia. Eskimo migrations in Greenland. The discovery of King Karl Land, Spitsbergen. London under the five Georges. Forces in India's Future. The last Invasion of Brtain.

The Red Indians of to-day. Brussels over fifty Years. The Government of India Bill. Economic Separatism in the British Empire. Pre-Celtic elements in English. The reconstruction of business history. Diderot and his brother. More on Trobar e Entendre.

1. THREE TIMES A LADY: A Serial Killer Thriller.
2. Louis XV of France!
3. The Anywhen Door Book Three - Medieval Rescue.
4. The Atlantean Imprint.
5. La Curie romaine de Pie IX à Pie X.
6. Louis XV of France - Wikipedia.

The Corvacho version of the Husband Locked Out story. Schift of stress in proparoxytonic verb-forms of the first conjugation in Portuguese. Les fouilles en Asie occidentale, The woman at the well in Milan. Sur la loi amphictionique de av. Two fragments from a Limoges Bookcover. Anciens commentaires grecs de l'Octateuque. L'Histoire ancienne du Canon du Nouvean Testament. Sur le voile des femmes, dans l'Orient ancien. A travers les fouilles palestiniennes. Un curieux ruminant biblique.

Bourgogne et Bretagne III: Jean sans Peur et Jean V. Lais et Romans bretons IX: Taine et la recherche de l'absolu 1. Rousseau et son temps 1: La constitution punique en av. Richelieu ministre du commerce et de la marine. Les tableaux parisiens de Baudelaire. Ut supra VII fin. Philippe le Bon et Jean V. Les dilettantes sur les pistes d'Italie. Richelieu et le commerce du Levant. La protection internationale des objets d'art et des monuments historiques 1. La cour de la Haye en fin. L'aspect verbal dans les propositions temporelles.

Un rite de purification dans les Argonautiques. Les Etats-Unis et leur politique commerciale. L'Italie et les voies transafricaines. L'organisation internationale du travail historique. Les deux croix du chapitre de Paris. Autour du Duc d'Enghien. Un mariage princier en La mort du roi Georges Ier. Lettre d'un grognard parisien, Une consultation de Corvisart, 11 avril La Revue de France. Le centenaire de Pigault-Lebrun: La situation en Tunisie. La Pologne a-t-elle ou non une dictature? Le haut Val d'Arly. Marie- Antoinette, Barnave et Fersen.

La diplomatie de Bismarck et la crise bulgare de Le duc de Reich- stadt, le prince de Metternich et la cour d'Autriche. La question cubaine Des notes sur Voltaire. Chateaubriand en , distraction ou artifice. Balzac et le Feuilleton des journaux politiques. Revue d'Histoire des Missions. Les missions catholiques aux Antilles suite. La mission Lazariste en Perse suite.

Revue de l'Histoire des Religions. Alfred de Vigny et Slowacki: L'initiation d'Ernest Renan aux lettres allemandes. Shakespeare's Italianate courtier, Osric. Extracts from Emerson in Quinet's Cahiers. Passage de vive force du San en mai Revue des Deux Mondes. Le mariage de Turenne. La vie aventureuse du colonel Lawrence. Les accords navals anglo-allemands. Stuart reine de France. IL Les petites garnisons. Le destin de la Chine. Du nouveau sur les croisades.

Henry de Bournazel I. Les Festes ou le Triomphe de Thalie. Jean Benjamin de Laborde et la musique hongroise. La forme du rondo chez Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Alexandre Ier et les femmes. Le Cinquantenaire de Germinal. L'Assassinat du duc de Guise. L'invasion Parlementaire il y a 40 ans, Ut supra su ite. La Commune de Paris. L'introduction du marxisme en France.

Le cinquantenaire de Louis Desprez. L e s Livres. La Revue de Paris.

Le Lama aux Cinq Sagesses fin. France et Allemagne Le cardinal de Richelieu et la Sorbonne. Le Prince de Ligne et les jardins. Le Roi Leopold Ier. Le voyage de Madame de la Briche. Le Baron de Gaiffier d'Hestroy. Revue Historique du Plateau de Rocroi. Une lettre de la correspondance de Jean Alexandri. Revue des Questions Historiques. La Commune de l'an II. Un compagnon de Rochambeau: Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de Viomenil. Histoire de l'art, histoire de la civilisation. Souvenirs sur le roi Louis-Philippe 1.

Messimy et les premiers jours de la guerre. Le Lyrisme de Mistral. Le raid allemand sur la Normandie septembre Rivista degli Studi Orientali. Zur Lehre von den grammatischen Kategorien im Semitischen. The names of the months of the Nuzi calendar. Un antico scongiuro ebraico contro Lilit. Iscrizioni ebraiche a Bari. Una costru- zione impersonale nelP Avesta. Origine de la conjonction si. Roncevaux et ses monuments. Oton de Grand- son, amoureux de la reine. Sur un vers d'Au- zias March. Un fragment du Couronnement Louis.

La plus vieille citation de carole. La posizione linguistica dell'etrusco. Scienza e Religione nel pensiero indiano. Le concept de race. La popula- tione dell'Europa. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Das Problem des Apriorismus in der Platonischen Philosophie. Das Echo in Volksglaube und Dichtung. Zur Neuordnung der Sacra Paenitentiaria Apostolica. Ueber einige altpersische Inschriften. Bemerkungen zum Text der Vita Pytha- gorae des Iamblichos. A Commentary on the Prophetia Merlini. Veit Stoss, German sculptor.

The origin of the name of Glastonbury. The See of Canterbury, Some manuscripts of the Mappae Clavicula. American Historiography of the Middle Ages. Mediaeval Russian Contacts with the West. Saints Try- phina and Hirlanda. The Diocese of Grenoble in the fourtheenth Century. Some mediaeval Gems and relative Values. John Heyron of Newton Plecy, Somerset. Mediaeval Literature and the Comparative method.

Vincent of Beauvais and Dame Pertelote's Medicine Two Salzburg Manuscripts and the Influence of Tours. English Castles in the Middle Ages. A Strange Crusaders' Song. Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica. Tre passi della terza Iettera d'Epicuro ; 2. Frammento di un poema mitologico. Frammen- ti di orazione politica. Interpretationen zu Horaz' Mit einem Anhang zu Epod. Les fouilles de Mari.

Les fouilles de Ras- Shamra Ugarit. Petite tablette accadienne de Ras Shamra. Waar het om gaat: Voorzetsel, genitief en zin ; schoonheid, duidelijkheid en kracht. Op de eerste plaats. De herkomst van het Midslands. Studies in Nederlandse versleer. Het syllabe- begrip voor de versleer.

De voornaamwoordelijke aanduiding en vervanging. Verloren middelneder- landse spelen. Nieuwe zestiende-eeuwse teksten De eerste vaderlandse held bij P. Vondel en zijn bekering. Vroeg renaissance of geuzenpoezie? De invloed van Richardson op Jane Austen en op Nederlandse auteurs. Vorm en inhoud bij Mostart en Cicero. Over enige jeugdverzen van Feith. Franse woorden uit de achttiende en de negentiende eeuw vervolg. Germania Romana en Romania Ger- manica. Perk en Dante eenige paralellen. Frederik IV's Frierrejse til Meek-. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde.

Bijdragen tot de middelnederlandse woordgeografie en woord-chronologie. Aernout en Willem C. De tijds-en plaatsbepaling van Reinaert I, A en B. De oudnoorsche god Heim- dallr. Doe als vrouwelijk pronomen. Een merkwaardig geval van plagiaat. De Friese woorden bij Kiliaan. Zur Problematik der inneren Geschichte des Materalien zum ragusanischen Mass-und Geldwesen. Vom deutschgeschichtlichen Sinn einer Landesgeschichte. Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen. A note on travel in ancient times.

Frequency of travel ; motives of travel. Some thoughts on pessimism in classical literature. Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes, 1. Suetonius, Galba 15, 2. Tacitus, Historiae, 2,42, Vergil, the lord of language, Reading Iat'n and writing latin once more. The influence of the metaphor upon semasiology. Hermannus Contractus-Legenden- nur Legenden? Zu einem Tiroler Passionspiel von etwa Frundeck als deutscher Dichter.

Fragment einer unbekannten Dichtung aus dem Kreis der Heldensage. Zu Schades Dorotheen Passie. Ein Zitat aus Meister Eckhart bei Tauler. Die Heimat des Erzpoeten. Bemerkungen zum Not- kertext. Die Dichtung von Starkad. Ueber die Lautform althochdeutscher Personennamen. Vom Komparativ des Adjektiv-Adverbiums. Die gereimte Nachschrift zur Hs. Zeitschrift des Aachener Geschichtsvereins. Das Klosterrather Haus in der Eilfshornsteinstrasse zu Aachen. Die Spielbank in Aachen und Umgebung. Amtmann und Pfarrer in Mon- schau Die Zenten in der Kurpfalz. Mittelalterliche Gesundheitspflege im Gebiet der heutigen Rheinpfalz.

Zur Datierung des Konstanzer Liber marcarum. Das Tintenfass des Struwwelpeters. Die Marca Aqui- leiensis. Das Problem der vorkolumbischen Entdeckung Amerikas und die Kolumbusforschung. Politische Jugendbriefe Wilhelm von Humboldts an Gentz. Die meinungskampf um den Marnefeldzug. Die Schlacht bei Oinoe. An amplified version of the Southern Pancatranta. Chinesische Malkunsttheorie in derT'sang- und Sungzeit 1. The Buddha's Victory over theSerp ent. Neue orientalistische Probleme biblischer Textgeschichte. Beligion und Sittlichkeit nach den Anschauunggen der Babylonier.

Persischen Fayence im Der Lycaon pictus in Arabien nachgewiesen. Zur Familiengeschichte der IV. Der Wandel nd zu ng am Oberrhein. Grenzzeichen-Namen in der Pfalz. Die sprachliche Einheit Islands. Lautliche Sonderwege alter Dreisilber im Ostoberdeutschen. Das geht auf keine Kuhhaut. Untersuchungen zu den rheinischen-ingen-Orten IV. Eduard Norden, Alt-Germanien suite.

Die Erforschung der Ortnamen in Altkleinasien. Die regio Capellatii bei Ammian Marcell. Ein Beitrag zu den Ortnamenproblemen Lothringens. Der Name der Nil- Insel Elephantine. Zur Morphologie des Germanennamens. Bemerkung zu vorstehenden Aeusserungen Nordens. Form- b3obachtungen an staufischer Lyrik. Grimms Reise nach Leipzig und Jena im Sommer Der Atlas der Deutschen Volkskunde.

Die Geschichtsmetaphysik des Rolandsliedes und ihre Vorgeschichte. Studien zu Prudencio de Sandoval fin. Der Plural auf -a bei italienischen Substantiven Two notes on Floire et Blanceflor. Le droit actour des dames. Unterteil der Statuette eines Kamose. Zum Gebrauch der alten Pronomina absoluta. Die Mumie der Schep-en-ese in St. Zum Gebrauch der Apposition im Aegyptischen und Arabischen.

Textkritisches zum Percevalroman, hsg. Endstellung und Umstellung des Subjekts. Zur Deutung von Textstellen. Alexiuslied und chrisliche Askese. Zur Zeitbestimmung der Werke Gautiers von Arras. Der Schrattentaler Druck vom Jahre Periodiques et collections de philologie anglaise. Second series p. Amsterdam, Swets and Zeitlinger, ; every alternate month ; 6 guilders per annum, vol. Urbana, University of Illinois ; quarterly ; 3 doll, per year.

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The unity of' Beowulf ' P. Suggested repunctuation of a passage in Beowulf, M. Review by Holthausen in B. Cynewulf and his poetry. Sprache und styl der englischen Mystik des Mittelalters. Review of Lehman in B. The french background of middle scots literature Review of Brunner in B. Literature and pulpit in medieval England Cambridge An un-noticed acrostic and an inglorious poet.

Zwei O und I gedichte ; II. A note on Chaucer"s friar M. Chaucer's ' Ladyes foure and twentv ' M. Medieval Rhetoric in the ' Book of the Duchesse ' P. Le Parlement des Oiseaux R. Three recent Chaucer Studies. Press ; the fine qualities have been wasted through the haste and inexperience of the writers.

Complete works of Chaucer. Review of Heuer in B. Review of Lowes's ' Chaucer ' B. Notes on the language of John Gower E. Studies in the diction of Layamon's Brut L. The date and historical background of ' The owl and the nightingale '. Renaissance and Elizabethan period. Elizabeth and literary patronage P. The background of the minor English Renaissance epics E. Another shorthand sermon M. Elizabethan shorthand from a comparison between the 3 versions of Egerton's sermon and Early English travellers to Greece and the Levant M.

Facsimile reproduction Harvard How English was taught in Jan van Hout's Leyden 16th cent. Elizabethan Studies, 19th series S. The speech of foreigners in greek and latin comedies P. Tragic prodigality of life C. A xvith century village play at Heybridge, Essex. Village plays at Dunmow Essex in the xvith century N. Tudor and Stuart dramatizations of the doctrines of natural and moral philosophy S.

The French Academie and Wits Commonwealth '. On the date of' Sir Thomas More' R. The lost play of' Aesop's Crow ' M. The method of Barclay's eclogues. Berners follows the Spanish original. Henry Cheke's' Freewyl ' P. John F'etcher's tragi-comedy ' The Pilgrim ' was written in the last three months of The reprint of Bartholomew Griffin's' Fidessa ' Some anno tated Harvey marginalia. Sutcliffe's' Meditations of Man's mortalitie-'- the merit of which lies perhaps chiefly in the fact that has preserved poems of better known writers — Gerhardt E.

Giornali e riviste nelle raccolte della Biblioteca del Senato , Rome, Biblioteca del Senato della Repubblica, , p. Periodici giuridici italiani Santoncini, Gabriella, Appunti per una bibliografia critica sulla seconda Restaurazione pontificia , dans Proposte e ricerche [Senigallia], , , p. De Rosa, Gabriele, Storia del movimento cattolico in Italia , 1. Le riforme crispine , 1. Mack Smith, Denis, Il Risorgimento italiano , trad.

Mack Smith, Denis, Modern Italy. Riall, Lucy, The Italian Risorgimento. Siboni, Annalisa, Giuseppe Mazzini. Scene da una rivoluzione europea, Passato e Presente , 46, , p. Tobia, Bruno, Una patria per gli italiani. Acerbi, Antonio, Chiesa e democrazia. Acerbi, Antonio, Da una ecclesiologia giuridica a una ecclesiologia di comunione. Acerbi, Antonio, La Chiesa nel tempo. Adrianyi, Gabriel et al.

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Alberigo, Giuseppe, Dal bastone alla misericordia. Il magistero nel cattolicesimo contemporaneo , dans Cristianesimo nella storia , 2, , p. Alberigo, Giuseppe, Lo sviluppo della dottrina sui poteri nella Chiesa universale. Amadei, Roberto, La centralizzazione della Chiesa e il pluralismo teologico nei secoli xix e xx , dans Studia patavina , 31, , p. Aubert, Roger et al. Tra stati nazionali e diffusione missionaria Congresso internazionale di scienze storiche. Relazioni, 5 , Florence, , p. Balthasar, Hans-Urs von, Le complexe anti-romain. Bartocci, Enzo, Chiesa e societa industriale.

Angeli, Sociologia e ricerca sociale , 6 , p. Carabba, , p. Caffiero, Marina, La nuova era. Il concilio come istanza profetica , dans Chiesa e profezia , Rome, Dehoniane, , p. Caracciolo, Alberto, Sovrani pontefici e sovrani assoluti , dans Quaderni storici , 52, , p.

La Question romaine , Paris, Plon, , p. Regards historiques , Paris, Cerf, Cogitatio fidei , , p. Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History. Brill, , XXII p. Ricordi personali , Milan, IVI, Dansette, Adrien, Histoire religieuse de la France contemporaine. Il laboratorio del Papa , Rome, Studium, , p. Scritti in onore del P. Giuntella, Vittorio Emanuele, La crisi del potere temporale alla fine del Settecento e la parentesi costituzionale del , Bologne, Gough, Austin, Paris and Rome.

Da san Pietro a Mussolini , Milan, Mondadori, , p. Kaiser, Jochen Christoph, Organisierte Religionskritik im Levillain, Philippe, Albert de Mun. Maccarrone, Michele, Vicarius Christi. Storia del titolo papale , Rome, Marcora, Carlo, Storia dei papi da S. Pietro a Paolo VI , 5. Menniti Ippolito, Antonio, Il tramonto della curia nepotista. Papi, nipoti e burocrazia curiale tra xvi e xvii secolo , Rome, Viella, La corte dei papi , 5.

Paoline, Storia della Chiesa , Neveu, Bruno, Pouvoir et savoir: Pichon, Charles, Le Vatican. Prati, Carlo, Papes et cardinaux dans la Rome moderne ca. Prodi, Paolo, Il sovrano pontefice. Un corpo e due anime: Annali , 16 , XXXI p. Leroux, , XVI p. Rumi, Giorgio, Austria e Santa Sede.

Hoffmann, Joseph, Paris, Cerf, , p. Seldes, George, The Vatican: Stella, Pietro, Per una storia del profetismo apocalittico ottocentesco. The Church and Sovereignity c. Subsidia , 9 , XX p. Tramontin, Silvio, Un secolo di storia della Chiesa. Vian, Giovanni Maria, Papi e santi tra Rivoluzione francese e primo dopoguerra. Weber, Christoph, Kirchengeschichte, Zensur und Selbstzensur. Ungeschriebene, ungedruckte und verschollene Werke vorwiegend liberal-katholischer Kirchenhistoriker aus der Epoche , Cologne-Vienne, Weber, Christoph, Papsttum und Adel im Zizola, Giancarlo, Le successeur , trad.

Zizola, Giancarlo, Quale papa? Analisi delle strutture elettorali e governative del papato romano , Rome, Borla, , p. Studi e ricerche , dans Pio IX , 21, , p. Bogliolo, Luigi, Pio IX. Il progetto riformatore di Antonio Rosmini , dans Ricerche di storia sociale e religiosa , 56, , p. Cessi, Roberto, Partiti politici, insurrezioni, governi provvisori in Italia nel Il mito di Pio IX dal carteggio di G.

Castellani , Udine, Cittadini, Giovanni, Un grande arcivescovo e cardinale. La Chiesa in conflitto col mondo. Fernessole, Pierre, Pie IX, pape , 1. Numero speciale del Cinquantenario, Il Risorgimento , 50, , p. Fonti , 30 , p. Studi e testi , 1 , VII p. Glueckert, Leopold George, Between two amnesties.

Grilli, Antonio, Riflessioni in tema di rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa nella Reppublica romana del , dans Rassegna storica del Risorgimento , 76, , p. Germano, , p. Ledermann, Lazlo, Pellegrino Rossi. Maioli, Giovanni, Pio IX. IV, 4, , p. Marangon, Paolo, Il risorgimento della Chiesa.

Rosmini , Rome, Herder, Italia sacra , 63 , p. Pirri , Padoue, Antenore, , II, p. Chiesa e mondo moderno , Rome, Studium, , p. Mastellone, Salvo, Pellegrino Rossi ambasciatore francese a Roma e il problema italiano secondo la corrispondenza particolare , dans Rivista storica italiana , 61, , p. Miccoli, Giovanni, Apogeo e tramonto di un pontificato.

Pio IX , dans Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa , 27, , p. Atti del Convegno di studi, Firenze marzo , num. Palazzini, Pietro, Il filo conduttore del pontificato del Ven. Pasolini, Pier Desiderio, Tre liberali e un papa. Corrispondenza con il cardinale Patrizi , dans Pio IX , 11, , p. Luigi Martini e la Santa Sede. III, , 2 vol. Ravaglioli, Armando, Un papa troppo amato. Serafini, Alberto, Pio Nono, Giovanni Mastai Ferretti dalla giovinezza alla morte nei suoi scritti e discorsi editi e ineditti , 1.

Alberti, Ottorino Pietro [R. Londres, Collins and Harvill, Conzemius, Victor, Das Vatikanum I. Con documenti inediti , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 35, , p. Gadille, Jacques, Vatican I, concile incomplet? Vatikanische Konzil , dans Archivum fratrum praedicatorum , 49, , p. Arrigoni , Padoue, Antenore, Italia sacra , , 2 vol. Rilievi critici , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 16, , p. Il diario inedito di mons. Le concile de Pie IX. Schatz, Klaus, Vaticanum I, , 1. Peeters, Bibliotheca Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses , 89 , XI p. Potestas ordinaria au concile du Vatican , Louvain, Presses universitaires, Bibliotheca Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses , Fonti e Documenti , II, 14, , p.

De Marco, Vittorio, Note. Text und Kommentar , Rome, Ed. Fiorentino, Carlo Maria, P. Malusa, Luciano, Neotomismo e intransigentismo cattolico. Il significato di un centenario , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 19, , p. New Series , 29, , p. Palazzo Apostolico sulle ordinazioni anglicane. Note introduttive ed edizione del testo , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 20, , p. Weber, Christoph, Dans les couloirs du Vatican. Geburtstag , Berlin, , p. Casella, Mario, Il giuramento anti-modernista del a Perugia , dans Rassegna storica del Risorgimento , 86, , p.

Dal Gal, Girolamo [R. Il papa santo Pio X. Daniele, Ireneo, San Pio X. Alunno del seminario vescovile di Padova 13 novembre — 14 agosto , Padoue, Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica padovana, Fonti e ricerche di storia ecclesiastica padovana , 21 , 97 p. Fernessole, Pierre, Pie X. Essai historique , 1. Entre mouvement eucharistique et mouvement liturgique , dans La Maison-Dieu , , , p. Pio X , dans Salmaticensis , 31, , p. Pagano, Sergio, Documenti sul modernismo romano dal fondo Benigni , dans Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma , 8, , p.

Romanato, Gianpaolo, Pio X. La vita di Papa Sarto , Milan, Rusconi, , p. Un papa e il suo tempo , Cinisello Balsamo [Milan], Paoline, , p. Profilo storico , dans Humanitas , 42, , p. Weber, Christoph, Deutschland, Italien und das Konklave von Zovatto, Pietro, Ricerche su S. Margiotta Broglio, Francesco, Marzo XV , Milwaukee, Bruce, , p. La bibliotheca giovanile di G. Radini Tedeschi , dans Ricerche di storia sociale e religiosa , 15, , p. Iozzelli, Fortunato, Una relazione di Domenico Jacobini sulla riforma del clero romano dopo il , dans Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma , 7, , p.

Profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri e dei suoi discepoli , Rome, Merry del Val , avril Beobachtungen und Ueberlegungen zur genaueren Bestimmung , dans Gregorianum , 63, , p. Paglia, Vincenzo, Gli studi al Seminario Romano negli anni della crisi modernista , dans Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma , 8, , p. Paglia, Vincenzo, Note sulla formazione culturale del clero romano tra Otto e Novecento , dans Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma , 4, , p.

Profilo della sua storia e del suo tomismo. San Pio X, , 40 p. Walz, Angelo, La Storia ecclesiastica negli atenei romani dal secolo xvii al , dans Studi storiografici , 5, , p. Aubert, Roger, La chute de Mgr de Merode en Zur Erinnerung an des Battelli, Giuseppe, Un pastore tra fede e ideologia. Radini Tedeschi , Turin, Marietti, Istituto per le scienze religiose. Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose , nouv. Paris, Cerf, , III p. Size and geographical composition , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 25, , p.

Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli , dans Rassegna storica del Risorgimento , 26, , p. An accomodating Personality in the Politics of Confrontation , dans Biography , 2, , p. Pastore e Giurista , Naples, Laurentiana, , p. Ellis, John Tracy, The life of James card. Falconi, Carlo, Il cardinale Antonelli. Gentili, Ferdinanda, Il cardinale Morichini nella storia del Risorgimento. Gentili, Ferdinanda, Il cardinale Morichini. Morichini , dans Rassegna nazionale , 38, , p.

Pirri , I, Padoue, Antenore, , p. Il percorso di un intransigente , Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa , 26, , p. Con documenti inediti , Frosinone, Amministrazione Provinciale di Frosinone, , p. Pio IX nel Greipl, Egon Johannes, Ein deutscher Kurienkardinal im Jahrhundert , dans Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken , 63, , p. Merry del Val , Rome, Le cardinal Mercier Homenaje a Don Antonio Linage Conde, noviembre de , coord. Mangoni, Luisa, In partibus infidelium. Einaudi, Biblioteca di cultura storica , , XIV p.

Con documenti inediti , dans Pio IX , 1, , p.

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Omodeo, Alfredo, Antonelli Giacomo, cardinale , dans Rassegna storica del Risorgimento , 47, , p. Nancy , 4, , p. Pietro Gasparri , dans Ephemerides iuris canonici , 48, , p. Pirri, Pietro, Il cardinale Antonelli tra mite e storia , dans Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia , 12, , p. Renard, Edmond, Le cardinal Mathieu Storie e profili del Novecento , Rome, San Paolo, , p. Sibilia, Salvatore, Il cardinale Enrico Sibilia. Un diplomatico della Santa Sede , Rome, Tip.

Sinopoli da Giunta, G. Vaticana, , p. Florence, Le Monnier, , IX p. Atti del Convegno nazionale di studio, novembre , Galatina, Congedo, , p. Tesini, Mario, Gioacchino Ventura. Il cardinale Bonaventura Cerretti , Rome, Ed. Consalvi, Rampolla del Tindaro, Gasparri , Venise, Vistalli, Francesco [Mgr], Trittico di cardinali bergamarschi: Agliardi, Cavagnis, Gusmini , Bergame, Walz, Angelo, I cardinali domenicani. Note bio-bibliografiche , Florence-Rome, Stuhl aus dem Jahre , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 11, , p. Weber, Christoph, Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte.

Bedeschi, Lorenzo, La Curia romana durante la crisi modernista. Cardinalium in suis titulis , Rome, , 82 p. Berutti, Christophorus Maria [O. Notulae historicoexegetico-practicae , Rome, Officium Libri Catholici, , 83 p. Capros, Carol, Origine e sviluppo della S. Orientale , dans La Sacra Congregazione per le Chiese orientali nel cinquantesimo della fondazione , Rome, , p. Cenni storici , dans Dilexit iustitiam. Studia in honorem Aurelii card. Congregazione per le Chiese Orientali nel cinquantennio della fondazione , Rome, Il contributo di mons. Louis Petit , dans Orientalia christiana periodica , 53, , p.

Dalla Torre, Paolo, Prelato e prelatura , dans Enciclopedia del diritto , 34, , p. De Simone, Oronzo, Honoraria praelatura a s. Congregazione nel primo cinquantenario , dans La Sacra Congregazione per le Chiese orientali nel cinquantesimo della fondazione , Rome, , p. Quarto centenario dalla fondazione Cenni storico-giuridici , Rome, Studium, , p. Lineamenti storicogiuridici , Rome, Ed. Pietro , dans Studi romani , 17, , p.

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Lune, , p. Il caso di Rieti , Rionero del Vulture, Calice, , p. Mc Elrath, Damian, Lord Acton. The decisive decade Thomas, England against the Papacy Mellano, Maria Franca, Gli editti gregoriani di riforma amministrativa 5 luglio alla luce di nuovi documenti , dans Archivum historiae pontificiae , 22, , p. Richard Holmes [23] supports the anagrammatic derivation of the name, but adds that a writer such as Voltaire would have intended it to also convey connotations of speed and daring.

These come from associations with words such as voltige acrobatics on a trapeze or horse , volte-face a spinning about to face one's enemies , and volatile originally, any winged creature. In a letter to Jean-Baptiste Rousseau in March , Voltaire concludes by asking that, if Rousseau wishes to send him a return letter, he do so by addressing it to Monsieur de Voltaire. Voltaire is known also to have used at least separate pen names during his lifetime. It was a flop and only fragments of the text survive. On the journey, he was accompanied by his mistress, Marie-Marguerite de Rupelmonde, a young widow.

At Brussels, Voltaire and Rousseau met up for a few days, before Voltaire and his mistress continued northwards. A publisher was eventually secured in The Hague. In early , a young French nobleman, the chevalier de Rohan-Chabot , taunted Voltaire about his change of name, and Voltaire retorted that his name would be honored while de Rohan would dishonor his. He was intrigued by Britain's constitutional monarchy in contrast to French absolutism , and by the country's greater support of the freedoms of speech and religion.

Later, however, as Shakespeare's influence began growing in France, Voltaire tried to set a contrary example with his own plays, decrying what he considered Shakespeare's barbarities. Voltaire may have been present at the funeral of Isaac Newton , [a] and met Newton's niece, Catherine Conduitt. After two and a half years in exile, Voltaire returned to France, and after a few months living in Dieppe , the authorities permitted him to return to Paris.

He was now indisputably rich. Having learned from his previous brushes with the authorities, Voltaire began his habit of keeping out of personal harm's way and denying any awkward responsibility. Again, a main source of inspiration for Voltaire were the years of his British exile, during which he had been strongly influenced by the works of Sir Isaac Newton. Voltaire strongly believed in Newton's theories; he performed experiments in optics at Cirey, [60] and was one of the sources for the famous story of Newton and the apple falling from the tree, which he had learned from Newton's niece in London and first mentioned in his Letters.

In the fall of , Voltaire was visited by Francesco Algarotti , who was preparing a book about Newton in Italian. While Voltaire remained a firm Newtonian, the Marquise adopted certain aspects of Leibniz's arguments against Newton. Voltaire and the Marquise also studied history, particularly those persons who had contributed to civilization. These, along with his Letters on the English mark the beginning of Voltaire's open criticism of intolerance and established religions. Voltaire and the Marquise analyzed the Bible and concluded that much of its content was dubious.

In August , Frederick the Great , then Crown Prince of Prussia and a great admirer of Voltaire, initiated a correspondence with him. On a visit to Paris that year, he found a new love—his niece. At first, his attraction to Marie Louise Mignot was clearly sexual, as evidenced by his letters to her only discovered in Meanwhile, the Marquise also took a lover, the Marquis de Saint-Lambert. After the death of the Marquise in childbirth in September , Voltaire briefly returned to Paris and in mid moved to Prussia at the invitation of Frederick the Great.

He encountered other difficulties: This greatly angered Frederick, who ordered all copies of the document burned. The following morning, he was detained at the inn where he was staying by Frederick's agents, who held him in the city for over three weeks while they, Voltaire and Frederick argued by letter over the return of a satirical book of poetry Frederick had lent to Voltaire. Marie Louise joined him on 9 June.

She and her uncle only left Frankfurt in July after she had defended herself from the unwanted advances of one of Frederick's agents and Voltaire's luggage had been ransacked and valuable items taken. Voltaire's attempts to vilify Frederick for his agents' actions at Frankfurt were largely unsuccessful.

However, the correspondence between them continued, and though they never met in person again, after the Seven Years' War they largely reconciled. This satire on Leibniz 's philosophy of optimistic determinism remains the work for which Voltaire is perhaps best known. He would stay in Ferney for most of the remaining 20 years of his life, frequently entertaining distinguished guests, such as James Boswell , Adam Smith , Giacomo Casanova , and Edward Gibbon. From , he began to champion unjustly persecuted people, the case of Huguenot merchant Jean Calas being the most celebrated.

His possessions were confiscated and his two daughters were taken from his widow and were forced into Catholic convents. Voltaire, seeing this as a clear case of religious persecution, managed to overturn the conviction in Voltaire was initiated into Freemasonry a little over a month before his death. According to some sources, "Benjamin Franklin In February , Voltaire returned for the first time in over 25 years to Paris, among other reasons to see the opening of his latest tragedy, Irene.

He soon became ill again and died on 30 May The accounts of his deathbed have been numerous and varying, and it has not been possible to establish the details of what precisely occurred. His enemies related that he repented and accepted the last rites given by a Catholic priest, or that he died under great torment, while his adherents told how he was defiant to his last breath.

Voltaire had an enormous influence on the development of historiography through his demonstration of fresh new ways to look at the past. Guillaume de Syon argues:. Voltaire recast historiography in both factual and analytical terms. Not only did he reject traditional biographies and accounts that claim the work of supernatural forces, but he went so far as to suggest that earlier historiography was rife with falsified evidence and required new investigations at the source. Such an outlook was not unique in that the scientific spirit that 18th-century intellectuals perceived themselves as invested with.

A rationalistic approach was key to rewriting history. He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events, and emphasized customs, social history and achievements in the arts and sciences. The Essay on Customs traced the progress of world civilization in a universal context, thereby rejecting both nationalism and the traditional Christian frame of reference. Influenced by Bossuet 's Discourse on the Universal History , he was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world, eliminating theological frameworks, and emphasizing economics, culture and political history.

He treated Europe as a whole, rather than a collection of nations. He was the first to emphasize the debt of medieval culture to Middle Eastern civilization, but otherwise was weak on the Middle Ages. Although he repeatedly warned against political bias on the part of the historian, he did not miss many opportunities to expose the intolerance and frauds of the church over the ages.

Voltaire advised scholars that anything contradicting the normal course of nature was not to be believed. Although he found evil in the historical record, he fervently believed reason and educating the illiterate masses would lead to progress. From an early age, Voltaire displayed a talent for writing verse and his first published work was poetry.

He wrote two book-long epic poems, including the first ever written in French, the Henriade , and later, The Maid of Orleans , besides many other smaller pieces. The Henriade was written in imitation of Virgil , using the alexandrine couplet reformed and rendered monotonous for modern readers but it was a huge success in the 18th and early 19th century, with sixty-five editions and translations into several languages.

The epic poem transformed French King Henry IV into a national hero for his attempts at instituting tolerance with his Edict of Nantes. La Pucelle , on the other hand, is a burlesque on the legend of Joan of Arc. Voltaire's minor poems are generally considered superior to either of these two works.

Many of Voltaire's prose works and romances, usually composed as pamphlets, were written as polemics. Candide attacks the passivity inspired by Leibniz's philosophy of optimism through the character Pangloss's frequent refrain that circumstances are the " best of all possible worlds ". L'Homme aux quarante ecus The Man of Forty Pieces of Silver , addresses social and political ways of the time; Zadig and others, the received forms of moral and metaphysical orthodoxy; and some were written to deride the Bible. In these works, Voltaire's ironic style, free of exaggeration, is apparent, particularly the restraint and simplicity of the verbal treatment.

In general, his criticism and miscellaneous writing show a similar style to Voltaire's other works. Almost all of his more substantive works, whether in verse or prose, are preceded by prefaces of one sort or another, which are models of his caustic yet conversational tone.

In a vast variety of nondescript pamphlets and writings, he displays his skills at journalism.

The most oft-cited Voltaire quotation is apocryphal. He is incorrectly credited with writing, "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Tallentyre in her biographical book The Friends of Voltaire. Her interpretation does capture the spirit of Voltaire's attitude towards Helvetius; it had been said Hall's summary was inspired by a quotation found in a Voltaire letter to an Abbot le Riche, in which he was reported to have said, "I detest what you write, but I would give my life to make it possible for you to continue to write. Then, in his Dictionnaire philosophique , containing such articles as "Abraham", "Genesis", "Church Council", he wrote about what he perceived as the human origins of dogmas and beliefs, as well as inhuman behavior of religious and political institutions in shedding blood over the quarrels of competing sects.

Amongst other targets, Voltaire criticized France's colonial policy in North America, dismissing the vast territory of New France as " a few acres of snow " "quelques arpents de neige". Voltaire also engaged in an enormous amount of private correspondence during his life, totalling over 20, letters.

Theodore Besterman 's collected edition of these letters, completed only in , fills volumes. In Voltaire's correspondence with Catherine the Great he derided democracy. He wrote, "Almost nothing great has ever been done in the world except by the genius and firmness of a single man combating the prejudices of the multitude. Like other key Enlightenment thinkers, Voltaire was a deist , expressing the idea: Is it to believe that which is evident? It is perfectly evident to my mind that there exists a necessary, eternal, supreme, and intelligent being.

This is no matter of faith, but of reason. In a essay, Voltaire supported the toleration of other religions and ethnicities: I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? In one of his many denunciations of priests of every religious sect, Voltaire describes them as those who "rise from an incestuous bed, manufacture a hundred versions of God, then eat and drink God, then piss and shit God.

Your Majesty will do the human race an eternal service by extirpating this infamous superstition, I do not say among the rabble, who are not worthy of being enlightened and who are apt for every yoke; I say among honest people, among men who think, among those who wish to think. It is characteristic of fanatics who read the holy scriptures to tell themselves: God killed, so I must kill; Abraham lied, Jacob deceived, Rachel stole: But, wretch, you are neither Rachel, nor Jacob, nor Abraham, nor God; you are just a mad fool, and the popes who forbade the reading of the Bible were extremely wise.

Voltaire's opinion of the Christian Bible was mixed. Although influenced by Socinian works such as the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum , Voltaire's skeptical attitude to the Bible separated him from Unitarian theologians like Fausto Sozzini or even Biblical-political writers like John Locke. The deeply Christian Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote to his father the year of Voltaire's death, saying, "The arch-scoundrel Voltaire has finally kicked the bucket As Christianity advances, disasters befall the [Roman] empire—arts, science, literature, decay—barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph—and the unwary reader is conducted, with matchless dexterity, to the desired conclusion—the abominable Manicheism of Candide , and, in fact, of all the productions of Voltaire's historic school—viz.

However, Voltaire also acknowledged the self-sacrifice of Christians. Peoples separated from the Roman religion have imitated but imperfectly so generous a charity. The attack, launched at first against clericalism and theocracy, ended in a furious assault upon Holy Scripture, the dogmas of the Church, and even upon the person of Jesus Christ Himself, who [he] depicted now as a degenerate". According to Orthodox rabbi Joseph Telushkin , the most significant Enlightenment hostility against Judaism was found in Voltaire; [] thirty of the articles in his Dictionnaire philosophique dealt with Jews and described them in consistently negative ways.

Whatever anti-semitism Voltaire may have felt, Gay suggests, derived from negative personal experience. His remarks on the Jews and their "superstitions" were essentially no different from his remarks on Christians. Telushkin states that Voltaire did not limit his attack to aspects of Judaism that Christianity used as a foundation, repeatedly making it clear that he despised Jews. Some authors link Voltaire's anti-Judaism to his polygenism. According to Joxe Azurmendi this anti-Judaism has a relative importance in Voltaire's philosophy of history.

However, Voltaire's anti-Judaism influences later authors like Ernest Renan. According to the historian Will Durant , Voltaire had initially condemned the persecution of Jews on several occasions including in his work Henriade. However, subsequently, Voltaire had become strongly anti-Semitic after some regrettable personal financial transactions and quarrels with Jewish financiers.

In his Essai sur les moeurs Voltaire had denounced the ancient Hebrews using strong language; a Catholic priest had protested against this censure. The anti-Semitic passages in Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique were criticized by Issac Pinto in Subsequently, Voltaire agreed with the criticism of his anti-Semitic views and stated that he had been "wrong to attribute to a whole nation the vices of some individuals"; [] he also promised to revise the objectionable passages for forthcoming editions of the Dictionnaire philosophique , but failed to do so.

Voltaire's views about Islam remained negative as he considered the Qur'an to be ignorant of the laws of physics. Referring to the prophet, Voltaire continued in his letter, "But that a camel-merchant should stir up insurrection in his village; that in league with some miserable followers he persuades them that he talks with the angel Gabriel; that he boasts of having been carried to heaven, where he received in part this unintelligible book, each page of which makes common sense shudder; that, to pay homage to this book, he delivers his country to iron and flame; that he cuts the throats of fathers and kidnaps daughters; that he gives to the defeated the choice of his religion or death: It must be admitted that he removed almost all of Asia from idolatry" and that "it was difficult for such a simple and wise religion, taught by a man who was constantly victorious, could hardly fail to subjugate a portion of the earth.

As a historian he devoted several chapters to Islam, [] [] [] Voltaire highlighted the Arabian, Turkish courts, and conducts. The tragedy Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet French: