Attribution

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See more words from the same year. More Definitions for attribution. Words that rhyme with attribution. All synonyms and antonyms for attribution. Translation of attribution for Spanish Speakers. Translation of attribution for Arabic Speakers. What made you want to look up attribution? Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible.

Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Do you feel lucky? Our Word of the Year justice , plus 10 more. How we chose 'justice'. The act of attributing: References in classic literature? One fact in this attribution is remarkable -- the veneration paid to Hesiod.

In reading his 'Chronicle' I suffered for a time from its attribution to Fray Antonio Agapida, the pious monk whom he feigns to have written it, just as in reading 'Don Quixote' I suffered from Cervantes masquerading as the Moorish scribe, Cid Hamet Ben Engeli. This is the popularity of the construct that attribution theory is still an active field of inquiry Weiner, Causal Attribution Beliefs of Success and Failure: A Perspective from Pakistan. Cake by Accelerizes Marketingintelligence. Usually, technical attribution judgments are based on a combination of two factors: Research shows that culture, either individualist or collectivist, affects how people make attributions.

People from individualist cultures are more inclined to make fundamental-attribution error than people from collectivist cultures. Individualist cultures tend to attribute a person's behavior due to their internal factors whereas collectivist cultures tend to attribute a person's behavior to his external factors.

Research suggests that individualist cultures engage in self-serving bias more than do collectivist cultures, i. In contrast, collectivist cultures engage in the opposite of self-serving bias i. People tend to attribute other people's behaviors to their dispositional factors while attributing own actions to situational factors. In the same situation, people's attribution can differ depending on their role as actor or observer. However, if another person scores poorly on a test, the person will attribute the results to internal factors such as laziness and inattentiveness in classes.

The theory of the actor-observer bias was first developed by E. Nisbett in , whose explanation for the effect was that when we observe other people, we tend to focus on the person, whereas when we are actors, our attention is focused towards situational factors. Dispositional attribution is a tendency to attribute people's behaviors to their dispositions; that is, to their personality, character, and ability. Self-serving bias is attributing dispositional and internal factors for success, while external and uncontrollable factors are used to explain the reason for failure.

Originally, researchers assumed that self-serving bias is strongly related to the fact that people want to protect their self-esteem. However, an alternative information processing explanation is that when the outcomes match people's expectations, they make attributions to internal factors. For example, if you pass a test you believe it was because of your intelligence; when the outcome does not match their expectations, they make external attributions or excuses. Whereas if you fail a test, you would give an excuse saying that you did not have enough time to study.

This version of the theory would predict that people attribute their successes to situational factors, for fear that others will disapprove of them looking overly vain if they should attribute successes to themselves. For example, it is suggested that coming to believe that "good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people" will reduce feelings of vulnerability [ citation needed ].

This belief would have side-effects of blaming the victim even in tragic situations. Another example of attributional bias is optimism bias in which most people believe positive events happen to them more often than to others and that negative events happen to them less often than to others. For example, smokers on average believe they are less likely to get lung cancer than other smokers.

The defensive attribution hypothesis is a social psychological term referring to a set of beliefs held by an individual with the function of defending themselves from concern that they will be the cause or victim of a mishap. Commonly, defensive attributions are made when individuals witness or learn of a mishap happening to another person. In these situations, attributions of responsibility to the victim or harm-doer for the mishap will depend upon the severity of the outcomes of the mishap and the level of personal and situational similarity between the individual and victim.

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More responsibility will be attributed to the harm-doer as the outcome becomes more severe, and as personal or situational similarity decreases. An example of defensive attribution is the just-world hypothesis , which is where "good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people". People believe in this in order to avoid feeling vulnerable to situations that they have no control over.

• Henry Builds a Cabin.
• Schulgeschichtsbuchanalyse anhand eines ausgewählten Schulbuchbeispiels (German Edition).
• The Blind Mother and The Last Confession.

However, this also leads to blaming the victim even in a tragic situation. Despite the fact there was no other information provided, people will automatically attribute that the accident was the driver's fault due to an internal factor in this case, deciding to drive while drunk , and thus they would not allow it to happen to themselves.

Another example of defensive attribution is optimism bias , in which people believe positive events happen to them more often than to others and that negative events happen to them less often than to others. Too much optimism leads people to ignore some warnings and precautions given to them. For example, smokers believe that they are less likely to get lung cancer than other smokers. Attribution theory can be applied to juror decision making. Jurors use attributions to explain the cause of the defendant's intent and actions related to the criminal behavior.

Attribution theory has had a big application in clinical psychology. The concept of learned helplessness emerged from animal research in which psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven F. Maier discovered that dogs classically conditioned to an electrical shock which they could not escape, subsequently failed to attempt to escape an avoidable shock in a similar situation.

In particular, individuals who attribute negative outcomes to internal, stable and global factors reflect a view in which they have no control over their situation. It is suggested that this aspect of not attempting to better a situation exacerbates negative mood, and may lead to clinical depression and related mental illnesses.

1. at•tri•bu•tion.
2. Attribution modeling example.
3. Nibelungenlied : God or Evil!
4. Hasta un loro conoce que no es el oro lo que más reluce (Spanish Edition).

When people try to make attributions about another's behavior, their information focuses on the individual. Their perception of that individual is lacking most of the external factors which might affect the individual. The gaps tend to be skipped over and the attribution is made based on the perception information most salient. The most salient perceptual information dominates a person's perception of the situation. For individuals making behavioral attributions about themselves, the situation and external environment are entirely salient, but their own body and behavior are less so.

This leads to the tendency to make an external attribution in regard to their own behavior. Attribution theory has been criticised as being mechanistic and reductionist for assuming that people are rational, logical, and systematic thinkers. It also fails to address the social, cultural, and historical factors that shape attributions of cause.

Understanding Attribution Bias