Selbstmord mit Messer und Gabel (German Edition)

You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http: He knew the character, habits, virtues, homelife and characteristics of the people thoroughly, and their educational necessities. He was in thorough accord and sym- pathy with every effort or movement that had their better educational, moral and re- ligious advantages for its object.

He loved them thoroughly and was ever ready to defend them with tongue and pen, against the aspersions and criticisms of those who did not know or understand them, and therefore often misjudged them. While on his lecturing tours or in his public addresses he never failed to laud their worth and imprint on the minds of men everywhere rightful ideals of them. Home, Publisher Copyright xgo5 by T. An examination of this new edition will reveal many additional illustrative features that will prove both in- teresing and instructive to the student and reader. In respect to the criticism passed upon Dr.

Home's method of spelling used in the Manual, let it be borne in mind that the author followed the phonetic rules with a suggestion of grammar contained in the book, which when carefully studied are of great aid in learn- ing to read and pronounce the dialect correctly. It is an absolute necessity that all Pennsylvania Germans desiring to learn to pronounce the English correctly, faithfully study and practice the English pronunciation lessons especially prepared for this pur- pose by the author. These exercises are based upon long years of experience in school-work among the Pennsylvania Germans.

Since the Second Edition was printed there have been many new additions to Pennsylvania German literature that have come into prominence. Selec- tions from these are embodied. As previously stated the Manual serves as a Guide-book in pronouncing, speaking and writing English, and at the same time shows how Pennsylvania German is spoken and written. Twenty years ago Home's Pennsylvania German Manual was pub- lished, and such was the demand for it that the edition, with the excep- tion of a few hundred copies, which the author had reserved, for special purposes, was soon exhausted.

The book has now been out of print over ten years, but thousands of copies would have been sold, if they could have been obtained. The necessity for such a work might be supposed to exist no longer, and, yet, experience and observation shows that, m Pennsylvania German districts, on the very eve of the twentieth century, what was said, in the preface of the first edition, may well be repeated here.

An experience of a quarter of a century, as a teacher, among the people of Eastern Pennsylvania, in addition to being boru and educated a Pennsylvania German, and being compelled to contend with all the disadvantages' under which our people labor, in their entire ignorance of the English language, has convinced us, long ago, that the system of education generally pursued among this people admits of very greiii improvement, as far as it pertains to language exercises.

In pronunciation and readiness of expression, however, they laboi under great disadvantages, inasmuch as they are required to learn a new language the moment they enter the school room. This is impera- tively necessary, since Pennsylvania German has no written language, no grammar, no fixed forms of orthography, but very little literature ani in all probability will always remain a colloijuial rather than a written htuguage. They can not pick it up on the street, nor do they learn it in school. A trial of from thirty to forty years has convinced us of this, as every careful observer will also bear us out.

To render such assistance to those who speak Pennsylvania German only, as will enable them the more readily to acquire the English, has induced us to prepare this Manual. The book is divided into four part-s: Part first embraces Lessons in Pronunciation, and drills in those sounds, which cause difficulties to those who speak German. The object of part first is, therefore, to teach, by easy lessons, how to master these defects, and to acquire a correct pronunciation of the English. In part second, we give a number of exercises written in Pennsyl- vania German. This part of the book is designed to afford tliose who use it an opportunity to become familiar with the English, by translating from their own lauguapre into the English.

Part third is the Pennsylvania German dictionary. Here are given not only the words employed in part seconii, witli their English equiva- lents, but also all the words in use in the Pennsylvania German lan- guage.

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By means of this vocabulary, Peunsylvunia Germans can learn to speak and write English properly. Part fourth is a special addition to the present volume. It contains English words with their Pennsylvania German equivalents. This will be convenient for those who desire to know what the Pennsylvania Ger- man of an English expression is.

In the hope that this Manual may serve as a guide to tlie study of Knglish. This book is not designed as a Manual of Elocution, nor for teaching reading and pronunciation in general. The following general suggestions, however, will be found of special importance: A very common fault noticed, among Pennsylvania Grer- mans, in their conversation and reading, is the nasal tone.

An almost universal error, amontj German children who are learninjjf the English, is the monotonous prolongation of final syllables. In tact this fault is not confined to children. The foriiiatiiiD of this liRhit must be. It is a job to chop Jane's chain. He fell on the ice and hurt his eyes. I thought I sought the thick sick man in the South. He wets his whetstone with wine, and whines when he cuts the vines. Correct Pronunciation, in 12 Lessons. Bed, dead, fed, head, led, lead, ned, read, said, wedding. Ben, again, den, hen, ten, men, then, when, pen, wren.

Cent, end, bet, let, net, set, wet, met, fell, bell, tell, sell, well, spell. When men sell ten pens for a cent, begging can be expected next. Deaf Ben said he was led to a wedding. Watch closely all whom you hear speaking and reading dur- ing the day and note the mistakes which you hear.

This sound is often given like o in do, which is wrong. Due, dew, adieu, allude, allure, lute, lure, new, knew, true, sugar, during, manure, endure, dupli- cuite, duly, reduce, illume, presume, lubricate, Lubec, himinouH, lunatic, lunar, nude, Nubia, New York, New Orleans, Newfour. What is the difference between pure gold and poor gold? The constitutioL of the institute was read during Tues- day's meeting, and, being duly discussed, it was reduced to a new form, of which duplicates were circulated. Thus dog is pronounced dawg, coffee, caw-fee, etc. The short o should be sounded as it is heard in box, sot, etc.

Mock, rock, yonder, stock, off, of, oft, offal, offer, often, ostrich, accost, across, forty, gospel, gosling, gone, lord, wont, softly, soften, knock, sock, was, what, wander. Cuffni is fond of coffee, but not of egg-nog. T, G and K. This, however, is only from carelessness, and not because Ger- man children have any difficulty in giving these sounds. These sounds are just as common in German as in Eng- lish, only the lines of distinction' especially between d and t, are not cis closely drawn.

Hence words commencing with t ire sometimes pronounced as if they commenced with i, as dot for tod. The only rule necessary on this poi: Exercise care, so as not to confound these sounds. The published reports were searched, after he addressed the mixed assembly. BtUe, — Sound ch like tah, and not like j or g. Say tshest, and not jest, when you pronounce chest, — tshiU, not gill or jill for chill, etc. This rule requires daily drills. Chair, chalk, change, chamber, chapel, chase, chat, cheap, cheese, checker, chief, child, cheer, chest, cheat, chew, choose, chum, chip, cheap, chisel, ex- change, chin, cherry, choke, chop, chosen, chubby.

Chief Justice Chafe's child- chews juicy cherries. Jews choose to chew juice. Jerusalem, my chief joy. These sounds are precisely similar, and are often con- founded with chf so that gem, Jane, etc. EtUe, — Give G soft and J, the sound of dj or dzh. Directory was examined to ascertain the locality of this place. The letter was sent to each of these offices, but was as often returned to New York, with the remark "does not belong to this place. The letter forwarded thither, found its owner in a few hours after its circuitous route of six weeks, and twice as many thousand niles, all in consequence of a German's misconception of the "j" sound.

S, has two sounds the regular sharp or hissing sound, as heard in Sam, this, miss, etc. Rule 2, — At the end of a word s usually has the z sound, as has, is, etc. Commit these eleven to memory. Pronounce, according to Eule 1: Say, see, some, since, sew. Pronounce, according to Ptule 2, and watch the excep- tions: As, is, his, has, was, kiss, gas, peas, does, tongs, mass, toes, noes, dominos, iniquitous, eyes, joys, snuffers, laws, trowsers, eaves, shears, tears. Pronounce the following according to Eule 3, and note the exceptions: Base, aspect, desire, mason, desolate, dis- burse, disgrace, disease,decease, disdain, disclose, discorse, discount, disguise, disregard, dissolution, dislocate, dis- solve, disusage, In how many of the prefixes dis has 8 the z sound?

It is best to examine the diction- arj for each one of the preceding words. Rule 4 — Examples of uouiih, afijeftives aud verbs. It is easy for a mouse to mouse in a house, if the use of the refuse clothes is refused her in the barn. A mason leased a house from a close-fisted, disobedient musician.

His cousin was as great a tease as ever housed peas in trowsers. A thousand drowsy, dishonest noisy chaise drivers chased us with their noses. Then practice in pronouncing; all words in which the letter 8 occurs. Bepeat these ezerciseSf and review the words mispronounced daily, until you have mastered them all.

Th has two sounds, the sharp, as heard in things and the soft, as heard in then, Rvle, — Give the sound of t with the tongue approaching the lower lip and the upper teeth for the sharp, and the sound of d in the same way for the soft th sound. Thence, thick, thieves, thimble, thigh, thirst, truths, paths, this, thought, thistle, thou, thou- sand, thunder. All her paths are paths of peace. The souse of the south is so thick, that the sick man thought it was thicker than thistles. The strife cease th, peace approacheth, and he rejoiceth. The sea ceaseth and that sufficeth us.

Three-fourths of three-fifths of seven-sixths of three- eighths. He that refuseth thriftlessness and rejoiceth in thorough thinking thrives. These sounds are frequently interchanged, by thase who speak German, owing to there being no w sound in that language. Woll is pronounced like the English voU, wein, vine, etc. Vine', wine, vave, wave, vea! Virgie wants to visit Wilkes-Barre once. Victor Wood would vote once for a winter vacation. We were very well aware that the wag was void of wisdom.

Rule, — In wh sound the h first, like hw or hu, not witch for which, wat for what, but hwich or huich, hwat, orhuat. The Prince of Wales caught whales. What whim led White Whitney to whittle, whistle, whisper and whimper near tlia wharf, where a whale wheeled and whirled? Whateley, Whittier and Whitefield never were at Wheeling. X represents a compound 1 sound, which is either a combination of ks or gz.

Such words as proximity, doxology, 6tc. Aux- iliary, however, follows the rules. Pronounce in accordance with the rule, observing the note and explanations: Expand, exotic, exhaust, express, exalt, exist, exile, eksile, because accented on the first syllable exhort egzhort exhortation ekshortation, because the accent is changed from the syllable hor to ta, exert, exhibit, exhi- bition ekshibition for the same reason as ekshortation ex- port, exo-nerate, exigence, executive, execution, execute, executor, executer, exempt, example, exemplary, excuse.

He executed the doxology in an excellent and exemplary manner. The executrix examined the excellent exotics. Luxury is a noun, but luxurious is an adjective, anxious i? The following comprises a list of words which are frequently mispronounced, not only by Germans, but also by the English part of the community: Abdomen, ab-do'meu, not ab' do-men.

Abjectly, ab ject-li, not ab-ject'li. Accent, verb ak-sent', not ak'sent. Accli- mate, ak-kli'mat, not ak'kli-mat. Address, ad-dress', not ad' dress. Adult, a-dult', not ad'ult. Aggrandize, ag'gran- diz, not ag-gran'diz. Albumen, al-bu'men, not arbu-men. Alien, ale'yen, not a'li-en. Abernate, al-ter'nat, not awl-ter'- nat. Antepenult, an-te-pe-nult', not an-te-pe'nult. Apostle, a-pos'l, not a-pos'tl nor a-paws'l. Arctic, ark'tik, not ar'iik. Area, a're-a, not a- re 'a. Beelzebub, be-el'ze-bub, not bel'ze-bub. Biennial, bi-eu'- ni-al, not bi-en'yal.

Blackguard, blag'ard, not blak'gard. Bouquet, boo-ka or boo'ka, not bo-ka'. Breeches, britch'ez, not brech'ez. Bronchitis, bron-ky'tis, not bron-ke'tis. Camelopard, ca-mel'o-pard, not cam-el-lep'ard. Cassimere, cas'si mer, not caz'i-mer. Caucasian, caw-ca'shan, not caw- cash'an. Chisel, chiz'el, not chiz'l. Christmas, cris'mas, not crist'mas. Communist, com'mu-nist, not oom-mu'nist. Concave, cong'cav, not oon'cav. Conqtier, cong'ker, not coii'ker nor con'kwer. Creek, crek, not crik. Decadence, de-caMence, not dec'a-dence. Desist, de-sist'', not de-zist''.

Enervate, e-ner'vat, not en'er-vat. Equable, e'kwa-bl or ek'wa-bl. Equation, e-kwas'hun, not e-kvva'zhun. Erudite, er'oo-dit, not er'u-dit. Etiquette, et'i ket, not et'i-kwet. Eu- ropean, u-ro-pe'an, not u-ro'pe-an. Falcon, faw'kn, not fal'kn. Financer, fin'an-ser, not fi-nan-ser'. Garrulous, gar'roo-lus, not gar'yoo-lus. God, God, not Gawd. Gooseberry, gooz'ber-ri, not goos'ber-ri. Grandmother, grand'muth-er, not gran'muther.

Heinous, ha'nus, not han'yus nor he'nus. Homoeopathy, ho-rae-op'a-thi, not ho'me-o-path-i. Illustrate, il-lus'trat, not il'lus-trat. Leisure, le'zhur, not lezh'ur nor la'zhur. Lichen, li'ken or lich'en. Licorice, lik'o-ris, not lik'er- ish. Lien, le'en or li'en, not leen. Oasis, o'a-sis or o-a'sis. Piano, pi-a'no or pe-an'o. Presbyterian, prez-bi-te'ri-an, not pres-by-te'ri-an. Produce, prod'uce, not pro'duce. Reconnoissance, re-con 'nis-sance, not re-con -nois'sance.

Re- covery, re-ouv'er-i, not re-cuv'ri. Refutable, re-fut'a-bl, not ref u-ta-bl. Robust, ro bust', not ro'bust. Sacrilegious, sac-ri-lejus, not sac-ri-Iij'us. Scabious, sca'bi-us, not scab'i-us. Seine, sene, not sane. Sentient, sen'shi-ent, not sen'shent. Series, fie'ri-ez or se'rez. Sergeant, sar'jant or ser'jant. Shew, sho, not shu. Sixth, siksth, not sikst. Slough, a mire hole slow, not sluf. Slough, a scab sluf, not slow. Statu quo L, sta'tu-kwo, not stat'- ery-ko. Subsidence, sub-sid'ence, not sub'si-dence.

Suicidal, fiu'i-sid-al, not su-i-sid'al. Superficies, su-per-fish'i-ez or su- per-fish'ez. Supple, sup'l, not soo'pl. Surnamed, sur-namd', not sur'-namd. Survey, noun sur'va or sur-va'. Tenable, ten'a-bl, not te'na-bl. Three-legged, three- legd', not three-leg'ged. Tongs, tongz, not tawngz. Toothed, tootht, not, toothd.

Tortoise, tor'tiz or tor'tis, not tor'tois. Toward, to'urd, not to-wawrd'. Tranquil, trang'kwil, not tran'kwil. Transact, trans-akt', not tranz-akt'. Transition, trau-sizh'un, not trans-ish'un. Transparent, trans-par 'ent, not trans-pa' rent. Tremendous, tre-men'dus, not trc-mend'yoo-us.

Tribune, trib'un, not tri'bun. Troche, tro'ke, not trok nor trc'che. Tuesday, tuzMi, not toozMi. Truths, troos, not troothz. Vase, vas or vaz. Whole, hoi, not hul. Wrong, rong, not rawng. Hearth, harth, not berth. Hygiene, hi''ji-ene, not hi-geen. Min- eralogy, min-er-aKo-jy, not min-er-ol-o-jy. Plait, plat, not plat. Slake, slake, not slak.

Yeast, yeest, not east. Bozzaris, bof'za-ris, not boz-zar''is. D'Au- bigne, do-ben-ya'', not daw-been''. Thiers, te-air-', not theers. Giles, jilz, not gilz. Christianity disowneth not externals, notwithstanding that it entbrceth the exact observance of internals. It neither disdains nor disallows research. It disclaims re- sentment, and chides unjust resolutions.

It resists sooth- ing, selfish thoughts, and, in the language of psalmody, chastiseth him that ariseth and rejoice th, because his rise sufficeth him. Not three-tenths, hundredths, thou- sandths, millionths, billionths, nor trillionths choose the paths of exilement from it, and exist exemplarily. A loose change cheers gently, just as one loses his position, resources, clothes, reason and resolution, ex- changing vice for a wise vision of worth.

Chisels, seines, spinach, licorice, cherry-juice, chains, vises, whips, vanes, wains, breeches, gooses, gooseberries, scissors, dessert-spoons, pionies, bolognas, booths, bou- quets, soot, gas, crinoline, yes, and, suffice it to say, almost everything in use, can be discerned, or passed, in, or close to a house, disguised as they may be. The supposition is that his wild-goose chase was too close to the close of his eyes, when the noes hissed him as, exhausted, he exhorted. Exercises for Translation Into English.

The following Exercises consist of selected and original Proverbs, Ballads, Anecdotes and Compositions, on various subjects, in Prose and Poetry, by writers in Pennsylvania German. They are inserted here for the purpose of affording easy exer- cises for translation into English — a first round in the ladder of learning the English language.

Moreover as many learn English simply in a parrot-like manner, our purpose is to teach them the sense, as well as the sound of words and sentences. Hence these exercises for translation. The words are, therefore, spelled by the phonetic system, following neither the Euirlish nor the High German methods of spelling and pronunciation. As there is no tixed system of writing Pennsylvania German, we have adopted an alphabet of sounds, using the English characters, with which every child is familiar.

The table of Rounds will follow. A di rtionary and English vocabulary is appended, con- stituting the Third and Fourth Parts of this book, which gives all the words used in the reading: With the aid of this vocabulary the natling exercises are to be translated into good English. Commencing with the names of objects in and about the house, words in use in ordinary conversation, idioms, expressions, etc.

Do not be afraid of hard work. The following illustrations,, with the names underneath spelled in accordance with our Pennsylvania German system of orthography, are designed to assist those who use this book in becoming familiar with our plan of spelling. It also gives the English and High German equivalents.

I O Shoo, Shoe, Srhuh. Shlus, Hoofeisa, Lock, Horseshoe, Schloss. H Glofer, Piano, Clavier. False Teeth, Dog, Falsche Zaehne. Kreids un Kron, Dgnsa. Eoor-ter and Hen, Hahu uiid lieane. Wisky jflg, Demijohn, Korb- flasche. Wine Boltle, Wein FiRsche. Wei glaws, Wine glass, Wein Glas. Dir mOn w5r im shdor. Sie — Ei, yaw; garn. He — Why I How do you do, Miss? May I accompany you? Sie — Ei, ja, sehr gerue. Dieser Monn iKt xu I'rueh und zu ploetzlich erviacht. Rawd, Wheel, Daa Rati. Lfiuna, ShaHa, Die tiabcl. Ein Enabe uDd zwei Maedchen mit eiuem kldueo Huud.

Bucket, Der Eimer, Wesh bord. Wash board, Wasi;b Bret. Sei kiw'l, Pig dipper, Saeue Sthoepfer. Rolling-pin, Das Ffirb i'foli. Paint keg, Farb- Rollliolz, Faessuhen. Paint ket- 'N Grumberii ShdembSl. Po- tie, Ansireich Kessel. Oil can, Of I Kanne. Bhiik'l Bhiiul, Rocking chair, Sobaukeletuhl. Shdor fiUdul, Stool, Sessel. Office chair, Corrtp- toirsiuh!. Musikbuch, Music book, Mu- eikbuch. YochdhGm, Hunting horn, Jagdliorn.

Shmok peiCa, Smoke pipes, Kaucli-Pfciten. Tallow caudle, coal oil light, giis and electric light. Link or, Jet't auricle, das Linke Herzohr. Becht kOmm'r, right ven- tricle, Reohte Kamtner. IJnkkOtnni'r, left ventricle, Linke Kammer. Gro9 bfllsoilSr, aorta, grosse Pulsiuler. Collar and tie, Kragen und Hakband.

Tailor shears, Grosse Schere. A man running lor the train. Cross wife with club and bell in liand. Boese Frau mit Pruegel und Giocke in der Hand. Sluut fu ier, stmit motbvr and four cliildren Dicker Vutur, dicke Mutler uud vier Kinder. Sbowing a new lady's cout.

Einen neueo Kock zeigen. A high kii'king iluDcer. In store to huy a new dress. In dem Laden um eia neues Kleid zu kaufen. Cricket and Frog danoe. Ecu zacha fun Erinbtlicbu g'sClsbolH. Badges of reiigious Hoeieliee. Ordeiuieichei tou KirchUcbeQ Verainan. Cotting out pupcr dolU. Old Oenaral JacksoD, la Berks couatj. The fences and baru doors were liis blackboards, in boyhood. There is no superfluoai character employed. The proverbs handed down from generation to generation, are very exprefih give and original. If you can get over a dog you can get over his tail. He is worthless wherever the skin touches him.

Petty thieves we hang and the big ones we let go. DV hunger is d'r bCsht kfich. Hunger is the best cook. As we make it so we have it. D'r ob'l mt net weit f6m shdSm. The apple does not fall far from the stem. W3,r s'arsht in de mel kumt, gVikt s'arsht g'mawU,, Whoever gets to mill first will be served first. The eaves dropper hears his own shame. Whoever conceals is as bad as a thief.

What we know not bums us not. Where there is fimoke there is fire. Is spoiling the devil's calculation. No matter how crooked a kettle, there is somewhere a lid to fit on. A thick log needs a thick wedge. De kinilr un de nSrii sawgS, de worSt. Children and fools speak the truth. Whoever endureth shall win. A good venture is half won. We must stretch ourselves according to the cover. What we don't have in our head we have in our feet. Small toads have poison too. Saying nothing means yes. Nobody can hang you for your thoughts.

Happy who is single yet, sad who is engaged. Whoever does not come in time must eat what remains. Let each pull his own nose. Tlie liindmost has the snake in his hat. Big cry and little wool. Work that you will be saved ; rich you won't become. Gut g'wStst is h5lwer g'm'at. Good whetting is half mowing. Whateoever'will become a thorn gets pointy in time. One honor is worth another, As the country, so the people. Bacon and eggs are good for Moyer. When the horse is stolen, we lock the stable. Black is also a color. The girls who whistle and the chickens who crow, should IftYe their necks wrung in time.

W 5n ich gSld h5b ga ich in'n wirtshous, W5n ich fons h5b bleib ich drous. It doesn't depend on size or a cow could catch a rabbit. Kortsa hor sin glei g'bftrsht. Sbort hair are brushed soon. IVhosoever digs a ditch lor others, falls in himself. Whoever steals a ram is no sheep thief. So not buy a cat in a bag. IHioi jou have no flour bake cakes. The morning hour has gold in its bower.

The world is large aod heaven is blue, What one doesn't want the other gladly will woo. Without trouble we have nothing. Midlmos is de b6sht shtros. HidJIemarch is the best road. If yen hit a dog he will bark. Thin and long is a pole, Short and thick is a stick. What doesn't burn you need not blow. War de dQchi'r heiril wil hoit sich mit d'r niiid'r. Whoever wants to marry the daughter niusit keep on the good jside of the mother. War fel shw6tst, legt fel. Belter a louse in cablwge than no meat at all. Not to shoot is also to misa. ShbSek un shwort sin fon an3.

Bacon and its rind are of one kind. Kla un shman is aw wos wirt. Little and smart is of worth too. Another town another girl. Morviirot mcieht hoka rot, OwMrot bringt druka hrod. Red sky at morn makes the cheeks red, Reil sky at eve brings us dry bread. As you are trained in youth so you'll live in age. To borrow makes sorrow, Whoever wants to borrow come to-morrow. W5n m'r sich una. New brooms sweep well. Each mubt carry his own skin to the tanner.

After a meal a pipe of tobacco, and this is in the Bible. W5n m'r shhawrt in dV zeit so hflt m'rs in d'r not. A blind hog sometimes finds an acorn too. He who greases with tar drives like a fool. A presented horse you don't look in the mouth. Mit shl 6k r 5ngt m'r de meis. One fool makes ten. F6n harasawga legt mV girn. What's not worth asking for is not worth having. One ass calls the other longear. Better a little done thau all the time doing noj;hing.

Let every man what he is and you will remain what you are. M'r mus lawi un lawa Itisa. We must live and let live. Zoo wSnich un zoo fel f ardftrht 6la shbel. Too little and too much spoils everything. Zoo i-hfirf shneit n6t, un zoo shbitsich shdficht nSt Too sharp does not cut, and too pointea does not pierce. What look9 like half a chicken? W6s geht uf 'm ktlp de shdag nuf? What changes its name the sooDest? A lady at marriageu 4.

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When he went down he cried because he had to go up again, and when he went up he laughed because he could soon go down again. Wdn m'r 61s 6bshdeigt un lawfl wo's kSn'r hiit. If he gets off and walks where there is none. W 5s is shwarts'r 6b 'n kr6p? What goes up stairs and does not touch it? WCs is fild'r 6s sei mud'r? What's older than its mother? Wliat has its heart in its bead? What has its heart in its whole body? How did buckwheat come across the sea? Becau'e he knows it by heart. When is a fox a fox? When he is alone.

Why does the shoemaker look into the shoe when it is done? If he was in it he would look out. Weil 's zu weit is dVurn rum zu gaS.. Why does a rooster step over a wheelrut? Its loo far to go around. Weil kr 's ouswfiuich k5n. Why does a rooster close his eyes while crowing? Because he knows his piece by heart. F6r w6s shbringt d'r fuks 'm ba,rg nuf? Before what does the fox run up the mountain? Where did Adam strike the first nail? Why does the clock stand in the house. Because the house 18 bigger than the clock. We weit flegt de grCb in d'r bush? How far does the crow fly into the woods?

Till in the middle then it flits out again. Won is 'n fuks 'n fuks? W6n 'r 'la is. We kfina, drei, drei oiftr mit n5n'r dM un 'a bleibt niich ans in d'r shis'l leiii? If the last one takes the dish with the egg. W6s hiit 's graslit shnubduch in d'r welt? What uses the largest handkerchief in the world? A hen, for it wipes its nose anywhere on the earth. Dei mud'r hfit 'n kind g'hot, un 's w6r nSt dfii brood'r Wr dei shwSshd'r.

Your mother had a child, but it was neither your brother nor sister. He who makes it does not say it, He who takes it does not kDov it, He who knows it does not talie it. Who lived and died and was not bom T Adam. Doo, un nflch t'el Onirft leit. Who was born and did not die? You and mtutj others We Ifing ghloft de kOta uf 'm hoi? Bis 's awmet druf kumt. How long does the cat sleep on the hay t Till the second crop gets on.

One, two, three or tour. We fel oor miwgs sei? What time might it be? It'll hold three bushels. Butter like lard, Pepper arises. Whoever catches it throws. Has shot soldiers dead, Has burned the house down, And has hung around it. Out here one is chopping ooi a flicker. John, I believe you don't hear well. The tree is hollow all around. H6ns, ich glawb er seid witsich, John, I believe you are witty, Se hCn din3, meil3,r un sin Their bills are thin and pointy forna, shbitsich.

Yaw, ich denk er seid im d6r. Yes, I think you are tipsy. There is a little thing. It is called scerly. And bitea every one. Birdie cries, It sits on the shutter, 'And spins a long thread, The yellow butterfly come? And has a suit of a thoa- Band pieces, He has a bony counts- And has a leather beard. He he, ha ha, ho, Murd bfll wei, Mud bring wine, Kndcht, ahgnk d. And thai is you.

Hika, hfika, hei, He, he! So iMktd'rbou'rd'r Yukle nous, So sends the farmer Jskey out. Da bera dud't BbitlS. And pears irill oot full. So shikt d'r bou'r 's feiar nous, SHI dSs brikle brenli. Feiar wil net brikle brena, Brikle wil net hundle shmeisS, Hundle wil net Yukle beisa, Yukle wil net bera shitla, Bera wela net f ola. Wos'r wil net feiar lesha, Feiar wil net brikle brena, Brikle wil net hundle shmeisa, Hundle wil net Yukle beisa, Yukle wil net bera.

So shikt d'r bou'r 's exle nous, Sul des wos'r souf a. So shikt d'r bou'r a shtrikle nous, Sul d'r butsh'r hgnka. Stick will not beat dog. Dog will not bite Jakey, Jakey will not shake the pean, And pears will not fall. So the farmer sends out the fire To burn the stick. Fire will not burn stick. Stick will not beat dog, Dog will not bite Jakey, Jakey will not shake pears. And pears will not fall So the farmer sends out the water To quench the fire. Water will not quench fire.

Fire will not bum stick. And pears will not fall. So the farmer sends out the ox To drink the water. Ox will not drink water. Water will not quench fire, Fire will not burn stick. Dog will not bite Jakey, Jakey will not shake pears. So the farmer sends out the butcher To kill the ox. Butcher will not kill ox.

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Stick will not beat dog, Dog will not bite Jakey, Jakey will not shake pears, And pears will not faU. So the farmer sends out the rope To hang the butcher. Rope will not hang butcher, Butcher will not kill ox. Bundle wil net Yukle beisa, Tukle wil nSt bera shitla, Bera wela ngt f ola. Hom'r wil net mes'r brecha, Mes'r wil net shtrikle shneidS, Shtrikle wil net butsh'r henka, Butsh'r wil net exle shlochta, 'Exle wil nSt wos'r souf a, Wos'r wil net feiar lesha, Feiar wil net brigle brena, Brigle wil net bundle shmeisS, Bundle wil net Yukle beisa, Tukle wil net bera shitla, Bera wela net f ola.

To break the knife. Rammer will not break knife, Knife will not cut rope, Rope will not hang butcher. So gat d'r bou'r mol selwSr nous, So the farmer goes out himself, Un wisht d'm Yukle heftich ous, And lashes Jakey mightily. And cuts the ox's head off. The ox drinks the water. The water quenches the fire, The fire burns the stick, Un 's mes'r shneit 's shtrikle ob.

Both the writer and the reader must, therefore, acquire the necessary competence to make use of such a system. As Barbara Korte further argues: Many works dealing with the presence, significance, and use of body language in literature and the arts which began in the eighteenth century are related to contemporary NVC research. Studies of gesture in narrative literature, such as Karl Sittl's Die Gebarden der Griechen und Romer began in Germany and were profoundly influenced by cultural history. They complemented the cultural gestures of the Greeks and Romans, and of Medieval Europeans being compiled concurrently in folklore, folk psychology, and comparative linguistics.

When the emotions of literary characters are expressed through body language, they reveal more clearly their importance to the portrayal of etiquette and ceremony in medieval society.

In more recent times, namely, prior to the Second World War, a racist ideology marked various German studies on cultural aspects of body language. With the collapse of Germany in the marked decrease in German studies of literary body language The emphasis is mine. See Korte, Body Language 18ff. As the disciplines of sociology and social psychology continued to develop in the seventies, modern NVC research in North America and Britain also began to carve out its own terminology.

A decade later, however, NVC terminology began to gain acceptance in German literary criticism, thereby gradually displacing its former dependence on the traditional and rather vague usage of "gesture" and "posture. Although body language had previously been studied mainly as an expression of feeling, NVC research now highlights the importance of non-verbal interaction between characters in a fictional text. Previously unrecognised forms of NVC have now moved out from under the vague term "gesture" into the sights and the awareness of the literary critic.

It could even be argued that the recognition of the role of haptic touching behaviour such as kissing, embracing, caressing, hand holding, hitting etc. NVC classification systems, while useful, need to be adapted for literary interpretation and criticism. In social life, the majority of human interaction and communication occurs non-verbally. NVC research has also benefited enormously from sociological and social-psychological studies.

These have shown the role of non-verbal behaviour in human interaction is potentially multi-layered. In literature, the non-verbal behaviour described by the author enables the reader to arrive at conclusions regarding the thoughts, feelings, personal characteristics, and attitudes of the characters in a fictional text. Their social status and the social roles they perform are not only revealed but offer insights into the power relations that exist between them. Even the slightest hint of attraction and repulsion between fictional characters are revealed through an author's description of their non-verbal behaviour.

Verbal utterances are also regulated by NVC. In fact, the verbal message can be contradicted, complemented, or even substituted by the reaction of the observer of the speaker's body language. Korte has provided a useful classification framework for recognising NVC forms and roles of body language in literature. In relation to the situation in which it takes place, these forms of body language also require what Korte calls a special "functional class" indicative of its literary effectiveness.

The aim of defining various classes of NVC in the literary text is significant because of its ability to intensify meaning and to convey messages. Moreover, if Marcel Mauss is correct, "techniques of the body,"32 such as the learned everyday actions of walking, standing, sitting, or eating, are culture-specific. Korte also includes touching, spatial relationships, and body movements gestures such as nodding, raising a hand, waving an arm, 3 0 See, for example, Margaret Atwood's Utopian novel The Handmaid's Tale in which the lack of touch is portrayed as unbearable and isolating.

Also see Moshe Barasch's study of body language in Giotto's paintings. The "functional" classification embraces bodily activities that Korte defines as displays of emotion, "externalizers," "illustrators," "emblems," and "regulators. Korte complements these two categories which are heavily dependent on the ordinary non-verbal competence of the reader, with an open catalogue of questions. These questions help to provide a more satisfactory and balanced interpretation of the body's presence in the narrative text.

Barbara Korte identifies three areas with questions that deal with the presentation, and the literary functions and effects of body language in the narrative text. Two other areas dealing with the writer's concept of body language, in relation to genre, author, and period, as well as the three mentioned above, will now be briefly summarised.

What is the frequency and distribution of body language within the text? What is the semantic content, and the semantic clarity or vagueness of the non-verbal signified? What is the distinctiveness of the non-verbal signifier? Secondly, how is an example of body language "filtered" through language and narrative transmission. Is it foregrounded via linguistic means, narrative mode, the structure of narrative transmission, or visual perspectivization?

Thirdly, what role does body language as an element in the action, as an indication of mental states, as an indication of interpersonal relationships, as a means of character definition and identification, authentication, or dramatisation, play in the constitution of fictional reality? Is the body used as an image, or in the development of a theme? Does body language in the narrative text, in the process of narrative transmission, establish contrasts or correspondences among characters?

Is body language intended to achieve a particular effect in the reader? Fourthly, is the use of body language determined by a specific concept? Fifthly, to what extent is the use of body language determined by genre, author, or period? Korte's critical framework focuses, therefore, on the usefulness of body language not only as a signifying system for the literary text, but also as a means of enhancing, in a myriad of ways, its meaning and effects.

It fills a need since previous analyses of this sort have not been completely successful in relating body language to literature. Korte's critical approach serves as a much needed efficacious tool for critical literary analysis. Moreover, it reveals body language and its meaning in literature by opening up and describing an area of the literary narrative which may have previously been neglected.

Body language, once decoded, has the potential to provide new insights into familiar texts. These new insights may even contradict the meanings transmitted in words and other signalling systems within the narrative. It is this potential that makes it a very promising theoretical approach for interpreting the role and significance of war-damaged bodies in Boll's early writings.

The question before me now is two-pronged: Can a social theory of the body be fruitfully applied to Boll's early writings? If so, will it, with the use of body language as an analytical tool provide deeper insights into these works? Korte, Body Language I will also try to explain why Boll's references to the human body are often in direct contrast to those promulgated by Hitler and the Nazis. Many people have asked me, rather quizzically, if Boll wrote about the body34 or for that matter, much about the Jews. My answer is an unequivocal yes to both these questions.

For me, the human body as both a subjective, "lived," shared experience, and as an alienated object is ever present in Boll's writings. He appears to have presented his views on the body for close analysis on almost every page of his prose. Yet, very few critics have either recognised them or found them worthy of an extensive discussion.

How is this possible? Perhaps, in the light of the German people's weariness of Nazi body propaganda, Boll's attempt to present his views on the subjective, lived human body was at times too subtle. What is indisputable, however, is that Boll's concept of the body and what it means to be human is a complete rejection of that promoted by the Nazis. More than three decades after the war, in a interview with the journalist Hans-Peter Riese, Boll himself suggests that his views on what it truly means to be human is still waiting to be discovered among the words of his narrative prose: Boll had also admitted: It is possible, therefore, that Boll may have taken the underlying importance of the human body in his work for granted, expecting that his readers with a little imagination would recognise it.

If so, has the body been too well hidden? In my opinion, however, the opposite is true. Boll's attention to all aspects of the lived human body is so obvious that it has effectively escaped detection. Whichever proves to be the correct explanation, the role of the body in Boll's work is too important to ignore.

Perhaps Boll did not see the need to continually spell out the role of the body in Nazi ideology. Of course, all forms of Expressionist art depicting the "open" imperfect body were in complete contrast to the Nazi writings on the "closed" perfect body. This will be more fully developed in the next chapter. If, in fact, the discourse of the body, and therefore his views on humanity, seemed to Boll simply too obvious to have to "spell them out," then the task before me is to reveal them and their importance for a better understanding of his works.

The most effective tool for this task must provide interpretations to the numerous bodily signs and codes in his narratives. It is for this reason that I will employ the theory of literary body language as an indispensable analytical tool. Dieter Wellershoff, Boll's editor in the seventies, at his home in Cologne, during an interview which he kindly granted me on August For example, Boll recounts that even when his mother was warned in , in the midst of the victory and splendour of the Third Reich, to tone down her negative rhetoric, she continued to defiantly fight with her eyes: IAnother example of the profound importance of body language for Boll goes back to his school days.

In these two examples taken from his personal life and experiences, Boll shows that he fully recognised the potential of non-verbal behaviour to speak volumes, and he would introduce many such incidents of NVC into his prose. This obvious reliance on body language to convey the "real" story beneath illusory words, actions, and events shows why it is so important to locate and then analyse it in Boll's work. Not to do so, may be to miss half if not the whole story. His intense feelings about the war, the Nazi regime, and the suffering and injustice they brought upon human beings are all present in his early writings.

Following Nietzsche, Hugo von Hofmannsthal advises that one must hide the intensity: Boll, too, has long since been aware of this old adage. In his review of Carl Amery's Das Konigsprojekt. Im Walde'" Man mufl This again drives home the importance of Boll's at times too well "concealed" use of body language in his writings. The decision to deal with Heinrich Boll's early fictional work opened up the opportunity for me to take advantage of "new" works which, although written in the forties and early fifties, were finally published only in the eighties and nineties.

Another advantage is the opportunity to understand better why these posthumous works were not published when they were first written. More than just the fact that they treat the topic of the Second World War, these works present Boll's perhaps more outspoken views regarding Hitler, the Nazis, the Jews, anti-Semitism, acts of treason, insubordination, cruelty, desertion and cowardice. In addition, such works also focus on the destroyed and damaged bodies left in the aftermath of the war.

With the German currency reform of , Germany was on the rise again, economically, industrially, and socially. The Nuremberg War-Crimes Trials were over and the "denazification" program was in full swing. It is therefore understandable that relatively few Germans wanted to remember or to be reminded about how it had been back then in the Third Reich. Using what he called his "X-ray" eyes, Boll reported what he saw during that infamous era.

The reader must also make the effort to look beneath the surface of events and "superficial" descriptions of individuals in his texts in order to arrive at the reality Boll is trying to convey. The sign posts are everywhere. To read and interpret them, we must pay close attention to the "bodies," whole or damaged, that appear with great frequency on the pages of his texts.

It is a task that will be made easier if we first familiarise ourselves with the political and social atmosphere that pervaded the period before, during and after the Third Reich. Heinrich Boll, even as late as , expressed similar sentiments in an interview with Herbert Hoven: Mir fallt auf, dafi die meisten einen Autor, ob der Goethe heiBt oder Fontane oder ein Gegenwartsautor ist, nicht aus der Zeit heraus kommentieren, in der er seine 14 Biicher geschrieben hat.

Die Zuriickversetzung in der Zeit der Entstehung, in die politische, gesellschaftliche, weltpolitische und innenpolitische Situation geschieht sehr selten. Die Zeitlichkeit eines Autors [ The ubiquitous presence and pall of the Third Reich and its consequences fill the author's writings, especially his earlier works, some of which were only first published from the Boll archive in the last two decades. Boll's comment in a written interview published in the Kolner Stadt-Anzeiger May Die Tatsache, daB die Konzentrationslager, Hitler und alles, was mit diesem Namen verbindet, kaum oder nur selten zum literarischen "Stoff' wurden, laflt sich einfach begriinden: Das Gruselspiel war ja kein Spiel, es ist durch Hilsenrath wirklich geworden, und es hat sie ja wohl doch gegeben - oder?

Timing, according to Boll, is often everything. With regard to familiar texts and his more recently appearing unpublished earlier works, perhaps now35 is the ideal time to revisit that painful era with, if you will, fresh, scrutinising, "X-ray" eyes. It is essential, therefore, in order to achieve a fair analysis of Boll's own writings, that the author and his early prose be carefully studied in the context of the Third Reich and the restoration years.

The contemporary discourse of the body provides a fascinating point of departure for such an investigation of Boll's early prose as a discourse of war-damaged bodies. This is particularly important since, as Anne Geddes Bailey declares: On 14 December , after a year of negotiations, an agreement between surviving victims and German industry and government has finally been reached to compensate survivors in the amount of 5. For more details on the agreement, see cnn. In contrast, violence in fascism was used, literally and figuratively, to 'cleanse' humanity of the crippled and broken, in order to make an abstract and metaphoric perfection real" Bailey, Aesthetics of Fascism 9.

The discussion of Heinrich Boll's early prose, in the present study, will be based on selections made from the following list of works which includes their date of publication and date of origin. Der Zug war punktlich Wanderer kornmst du nach Spa Erzahlungen ; , Wo warst du. I have chosen these texts since they all deal either directly or indirectly with Nazism and Boll's reaction to it. The Structure of the Thesis The thesis will consist of eight chapters.

Chapter I introduces the present study. Although freely borrowing from my research on sociological theories of the body, I will not be bound by them. Chapter III will focus on Boll's early biography, especially as it unfolds during the Third Reich and reflects or rejects the contemporary discourses on the body. In addition, I will adapt the four categories: Each of these chapters, with the help of the theoretical tool of body language, will analyse selected works and characters drawn from Boll's early prose i.

It is a process that will be aimed at identifying the indicated body type and revealing its importance for Boll's views on humanity. Chapter VIII will summarise the findings of the dissertation and point to future areas of study and scholarship. Investigated from several perspectives, a rich tapestry of the contemporary narrative discourse of the body will emerge that will serve as an indispensable foundation for an analysis of the role of the body in Boll's writings.

These perspectives will shed light on the various discourses on the human body in the first half of the twentieth century by reflecting changes in the political systems, as well as those that followed the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath, the labour movements, and the job market, the economy, financial institutions, issues of health, culture, and education, the predominance of science, especially biology and genetics and the military. In addition, the National Socialist's revival of duelling, the impact of wars, the growing women's movement, various art forms sculpture, and architecture; literature, and films , sports, See Frank "Sociology of the Body" 54 ff.

Although none of these can be discussed at great length, it is hoped that a sense of the times, that is, in which Heinrich Boll lived as a student, soldier and citizen, and its effect on him and his contemporary society will emerge and inform his writings. All these streams of body discourses eventually empty into the insatiable, fanatic desire for the perfect Aryan body and the Nazis' claim of the birth of a superior race which, at the same time, denounced everything else as unworthy of life.

In addition, relevant aspects of Boll's biography will be discussed in Chapter III in the light of this, as well as its role in shaping his own view of humanity. This is essential since during the first thirty-two years of his life, Boll witnessed Germany's ruling government change from a monarchy to a republic, to a totalitarian dictatorship, to occupations by the allies, and finally to a divided Germany.

In this regard, the concept of the body politic, that is, of the body as metaphor and metonym, will provide relevant insights for my discussion of the political and societal milieu which form the backdrop for Boll's early works. I will also search out the submissive, "docile" bodies demanded by Hitler and his military personnel. My research and analysis will also investigate the theme of discipline from the perspective of Boll, both as narrator and soldier. The soldier's disciplined body is of necessity one which either freely, or through coercion, submits itself to the will and orders of another who is a representative of an institution.

The bodies of soldiers, sports figures both professional and amateur , workers, students, religious enthusiasts, entertainers, all shaped and re-shaped through the rigorous practice of specific body regimes and drills, whether self-inflicted or inflicted on them by others, are just some examples of disciplined, controlled bodies. Foucault's theoretical writings on the disciplined body will be a useful analytical tool. In addition to the strict body regimes, however, individuals are also subjugated through the power of writing. To be looked at, observed, described in detail, [ The disciplinary methods reversed this relation, lowered the threshold of describable individuality, and made of this description a means of control and a method of domination.

It is no longer a monument for future memory, but a document for possible use. By focusing on the disciplined body of the soldier and Boll's use of body language, I expect to reveal Boll's emphasis on the importance of the role of the body and his sustained demand for the dignity of human beings under any circumstances. During Hitler's rule, the everyday existence of German citizens became highly orchestrated.

Through his use of propaganda and the staging of numerous festivals and sporting events Hitler skilfully created an artificial world that looked extraordinarily real to Germans from 17 all walks of life. The "mirroring" bodies discussed in Chapter V are reflections of this deceptive world of make believe. For example, Colonel Bressen, a character in Boll's war novel Wo warst du. In other words, the Colonel's physical appearance and behaviour reflect the tastes and values of the class to which he aspires.

However, it is a class that only exists in the "Scheinwelt" of the Third Reich. It simply does not exist in his contemporary world. The Colonel assures himself of satisfaction by "seeing" his desires already fulfilled in everything he observes and does. His mirroring body is therefore a closed, self-centred body.

Boll's treatment of body language, especially noses, in Wo warst du. Hakennase" reveals that the Nazis' understanding of the "perfect" Aryan body is more often a case of "Schein" rather than "Sein. It was this image of an elite race that increasingly came to dominate the German world of economics and politics.

In the decades leading up to and including the duration of the Third Reich, those who believed in this racial ideology showed nothing but contempt for mankind. In this regime, nakedness became an outward symbol of the god-like superiority and "Schonheitsideal" that must be aimed for, and for which, real, living men had to sacrifice their bodies. In a macabre twist of fate, the political history of the body is here intricately tied to the intellectual history of the body. In his writings, Heinrich Boll's choice of narrative themes are: These themes demonstrate the importance of community and communication for him and his fellow Germans in a world shattered by the war.

In ChapterVII, I will identify and investigate "Communicative Bodies" in terms of discourses, institutions, and the physical nature of the body. In contrast to the closed, dissociated, "disciplined" and "mirroring" bodies, and the negatively associated dominating body, the "communicative" body is positive, open, and willing to associate and share itself with others. In this series of lectures at the University of Frankfurt, Boll clearly makes the distinction between the words "Gebundenheit," i.

For Frank Finlay, any consideration of Boll's legacy for contemporary literature must recognise that he: Rationality An understanding of this difference between his use of the words "Gesellschaft" and "Gebundenheit," therefore, is important for a better understanding of the pre-war, war, and post-war era that Boll captures in his writings. Moreover, because they need recognition in one form or another, regardless of their current condition, they remain open to all possibilities, and have the right to be flexible and spontaneous.

Und sagte kein einziges Wort. In these works, the communicative nature of Boll's characters is revealed through his use of literary body language, and the motifs of "Zartlichkeit'V'Gebundenheit" and of the hand. This chapter provides a good opportunity to reflect upon the centrality of the hand in Boll's writing, an aspect which has not yet been fully recognised or explored by many Boll scholars. In Chapter VIII, I will summarise the findings of my thesis and suggest directions for further research stemming from the work begun here.

The aim of my dissertation, therefore, is to bring Boll's writings into the current discourse of the body. In fact, in Boll's early prose we can trace the changing fortunes of the supposedly new, perfect, beautiful, and inviolable human beings that the Nazis tried at all costs to create and to present to the German nation and to the world. Boll also portrays their horribly mutilated bodies as they lie wounded, dying or dead in their own blood, or rather in "Fiihrerblut. In addition, Boll describes their mutilated, suffering, and lonely bodies lying in field hospitals, and also as cowards and deserters fleeing from the enemy and their own military police.

His images are a far cry from those spewed out by the tireless Nazi propaganda machine. When the Third Reich bubble finally burst at the end of the war, civilians and soldiers who survived the carnage, returned home without fanfare and glory to widespread devastation. His ability to to criticise his fellow Germans not only emphasises his ambiguous relationship with them but also allows him to show his deep affection for his fellow men.

Hilmar Hoffmann Die heutige Zeit arbeitet an einem neuen Menschentyp, ungeheure Anstrengungen werden It is one that begins with sublime ideals of beauty and the dignity of man in the German Classical Period, only to degenerate into unspeakable acts of man's inhumanity to man in the Third Reich. But it is precisely this story, with all its twists and turns, as well as all its high and low points, that becomes both background and thematic material for Heinrich Boll's early prose.

It is a tale, therefore, that must be told. Although this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive look at the concept of this body, one that could simultaneously engender both fascination and violence, it can in no measure presume to be exhaustive in its scope. A brief introduction of Hitler's interpretation of the body politic will lead off the discussion. In addition, it will facilitate a better understanding of Boll's early prose as a discourse of war-damaged bodies.

Hitler's Drive to Reconstitute Germany's "Body" Chapter IPs first epigraph, "Die Summe der gesunden Korper konstituiert den gesunden Volkskorper, ein Politikum der obersten NS-Kategorie," will be a useful point of departure for a discussion of how Hitler and his part members viewed the role of the individual body in relation to the body politics of a new, whole Germany. For the Nazis, therefore, the most important political issue was that all healthy bodies of the new state should collectively constitute the healthy national body.

In the national propaganda of a twentieth century Germany ruled by Hitler's National Socialist regime, the concept of the body of the individual was therefore represented as being synonymous with Germany's body. Individuals constituted the body of the German warrior state. Hitler referred to Germany as a "German warrior" under attack in the First World War on all sides by its enemies: Hitler and others blamed the eventual defeat of the German warrior on a stab in the back administered by revolutionaries, Jews and striking women on the home front.

It is still considered to be a classic about the fascist consciousness per se. Hitler, who felt that he had the political mandate and the foolproof plan to accomplish this job, embraced Richard Walther Darre's "Blut und Boden"40 policy.

After a successful plebiscite, the Saar region was officially turned over to the Third Reich on March 1, On September 29,, the Third Reich, in agreement with the Czech government, acquired 10, square miles of Sudetenland, and thereby immediately increased its population by three and a half million. On March 12, , through annexation, Austria became a part of the Third Reich, and on March 15, , military forces of the Third Reich occupied the Czech part of Czechoslovakia. Bohemia and Moravia were then declared German protectorates. By , Hitler's expansion plan was well underway.

Klaus Theweleit summed up Hitler's drive to heal and reassemble Germany's dismembered body in this way: Osterreich muBte "angeschlossen" werden, angenaht, und nun los auf den Osten, Bdhmen, die Tschechoslowakei, Polen Kdrper-Protektorate, beherrscht von "Schutz-Staffeln" Deutschland beginnt seinen schutzenden Krieg Das Land According to Klaus Theweleit, because of the Nazis' "Unverletzlichkeitsphantasie" propaganda, millions upon millions of Germans allowed themselves to be driven into the Second World War conflict Das Land However, the beautiful "Schein" of invulnerability soon became the horrific "Sein" of the vulnerable flesh and blood of members of Hitler's "super-race" as they lay injured, mutilated and rotting on battlefields and in towns and villages reduced to rubble.

Hitler, in soundly rejecting the Weimar democratic system of government, proposed a folkish state that would be completely free of the parliamentary principle of majority rule. He proposed instead a state in which the "Personlichkeitsprinzip" would take precedence. For him, "der volkische Staat" should only have advisory bodies standing at the side of the elected leader 4 0 Richard Walther Darre, a close friend of Himmler from his student days in the League of Artamanen, was the proponent of "Blut und Boden" blood and soil mysticism.

As the author of several publications on biological determinism which gained him the reputation as an expert in "human breeding," he eventually became the head of the "SS Rasse und Siedlungs Hauptamt" in Dane glorified German farmers as the remnant of the true Nordic race, seeing them as the future source of Germany's racial elite See Ziegler, Aristocracy See also Jensen, "Blut und Boden" Soweit sie dabei unserem Volkskorper fremdes Blut zufuhrten, wirkten sie mit an jener unseligen Zersplirterung unseres inneren Wesens, die sich in dem - leider vielfach sogar noch gepriesenen - deutschen Uberindividualismus auswirkt" It was Hitler's intention, therefore, to right these wrongs through the vigorous implementation of R.

Darre's racial policy of "Blut und Boden," one that would purify the German race and restore lost land, add new land, and also create more space in which the "new" race could flourish. That all decision-making was to be the exclusive privilege of the responsible leader was based upon Hitler's understanding of the Prussian army's winning principle: Moreover, Hitler demanded that the National Socialist movement immediately reflect these ideas within its own organisation and also be prepared to place the perfected body of the state at its service.

In other words, the body politic, with Hitler as the head and everyone else serving him, expected complete authority and blind obedience from its "subjects. After its unconditional surrender, Germany's "master race body" was again dismembered, first into sectors and zones, and then, in , into the two large political blocks of West Federal Republic of Germany and East German Democratic Republic Germany. Unification would not officially occur until Eine Reise durch das deutsche Nationalgefuhl , the German writer Peter Schneider cynically explained how Romanian or Russian Germans could prove their German identity.

His pertinent comments are uncomfortable reminders of the race and body discourses of the Third Reich. For example, Peter Schneider writes: Eine Freundin aus Rumanien, die fliefiend Deutsch spricht und mehrfach als Dissidentin verhaftet worden war, konnte den zustandigen deutschen Beamten nicht von ihrem Deutschtum iiberzeugen. In hellem Zorn fragte sie, ob sie sich etwa darauf berufen musse, da!

Ein solcher Nachweis ware hilfreich, erhielt sie kiihl zur Antwort, Die Nazi-Vergangenheit eines Verwandten, die man in jedem anderen Land der Welt lieber verschweigen wurde, ist offenbar in der Bundesrepublik immer noch fur Privilegien gut. Mittellage Hitler, himself, made his views on "Deutschtum" very clear. It is obvious that he clearly believed that a Germanisation process based on linguistic integration would be catastrophic.

Es wird aber doch niemand einfallen, in der rein auBerlichen Tatsache, daB diese verlauste Volkerwanderung aus dem Osten meistens deutsch spricht, den Beweis fur ihre deutsche Abstammung und Volkszugehorigkeit zu erblicken. What then determined a person's claim to his or her "Deutschtum? The "Volksstaat" or people's state reserved the right to determine the race and nationality of every subject.

According to Hitler, the "Staatsbiirgerrecht" could only be solemnly bestowed upon a male German subject after he had been racially educated and had had his blood purity as an Aryan confirmed, and had also completed his physical education and his 22 compulsory military service. For the present study, however, especially informative and rich in well-documented sources is Klaus Wolbert's Die Nackten und die Toten des "Dritten Reiches" His historical and political insights into the nude sculptures of the Third Reich provide a useful introduction to the German brand of fascism.

Klaus Wolbert's research shows how the classical body ideal historically becomes altered and appropriated by the National Socialist regime. The eighteenth-century German classical archaeologist and art historian J. Winckelmann, in contemplating "new" directions for architecture and sculptures, called for the imitation of the Greek standard of beauty. In an era in which intellectuals, the nobility, and emerging upper classes yearned for a return to Hellas, the recently excavated Roman copies of Greek sculptures and art had instilled in him a sense of simple nobility and subdued majesty.

Winckelmann rejected late Baroque and Rococo sculptures as being too sensuous. For him, although beauty was received through the senses, it was only through reason that it became recognised and understood. In tracing the reaction of other eighteenth-century German intellectuals to the Greek ideal of beauty, Klaus Wolbert pointed out that in Laokoon , Lessing also argued that nothing surpasses the beauty of the naked human form.

Heinrich Boll's early prose : a discourse of war-damaged bodies - UBC Library Open Collections

In addition, he noted that although Goethe acknowledged the dignity of human beings as incontestable, he also favoured an autonomous image of humanity. Schiller, according to Klaus Wolbert, understood the concept of "Schonheit" to be the means by which the sensual man arrived at form and thinking. In the classical aesthetic, beauty and nudity were synonymous Nackten Also writing in that era, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the naked human body was no longer a condition of the classical ideal. Rather, arms, hands, and the position of the legs, to the exclusion of the organs necessary for the maintenance of the body, e.

Moreover, for him, naked sculptures have no claim to a higher sense of beauty, or for that matter, to a greater sense of moral freedom and purity. The law will allow immigrant children to hold dual nationality till the age of twenty-three at which time they must decide which passport they will keep.

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According to a BBC's Berlin correspondent, Caroline Wyatt, the new law "should help counter racism and help integration, giving the children of immigrants a real stake in Germany's future. In addition, it is also available FTP: Under Germany's current citizenship law, dating back to , children bom to foreigners in Germany are not eligible to become German citizens. This status can only be acquired according to the "jus sanguinis" blood law. At the moment, foreigners may apply for a German passport only after living in Germany for over 12 years.

However, they must then agree to give up their present citizenship. However, desiring that their social status project a sense of higher purpose, the ruling classes of the last five decades of the nineteenth century began to decorate their institutions with sculptured, symbolic figures of godly ideals in Hellenistic settings Wolbert, Nackten Beginning in the eighteenth century, the rise of the gymnastics movement had reawakened interest in the ancient ideal of beauty.

The "Korperkultur" movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, like the gymnastics movement, was also based on the naked human body. According to Klaus Wolbert, in , Karl Simon, an author close to the George Circle, argued that the cultural shift to Classicism heralded the start of a "mannliches Zeitalter" of active, naked, male bodies.

Karl Simon saw nakedness as a male affair that presented itself, from an aesthetic point of view, in heroic themes that dealt with weapons, war, battle, and blood. Although the original classical humanist content was ignored, its inherent sense of superiority, powerful genius and heroic nature were still emphasised.

Wolbert, however, suggests that although contemporary literature after continued to discuss nude sculptures in terms of the art theories of German Classicism and Idealism, it did so without referring to the original classical ideal and all that that entailed Nackten The Nazis and their literature, however, clearly considered the great male body to be "dignified.

Both in the city and in the country, however, many industrial workers became physically harmed and deformed in their respective work environments. Their damaged bodies, therefore, failed to meet the high standards of the "new" aesthetic body ideal. Consequently, the "inferior" man soon became associated with ugliness, and the "superior" man with the ideal of beauty. The Nazis twisted the concepts and ideals of the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche , regarding the beautiful, victorious and agreeable human body to suit their purposes.

However, the idea of "inferiority," especially with regard to Slavs and the Jews, was already in the ideology. All these factors would later have devastating consequences for millions of "inferior" people under the Third Reich regime's brand of fascism. Nietzsche's role in the story of both the renewal of the body and the aesthetic of the body, according to Klaus Wolbert, was that of a powerful transformer. He lashed out at his contemporaries who despised the body.

For him, it was imperative that they learn to recognise the importance of the entire casuistry of egoism, and the seemingly trivial details of nourishment, place, climate, and relaxation. Nietzsche's observations served as inspiration for generations of "Kdrperkult-Anhanger," life reformers, light and fresh air activists, vegetarians, physical fitness advocates etc. His body aesthetics, and his views on the "Ubermensch" which, however, eventually drifted into the irrational, all stem from this "new"44 way of thinking.

For Klaus Wolbert, Nietzsche's writings called for total physical vigour and a transfigured body, and registered his abhorrence for the social illnesses of his time: Yet, in spite of his views on the human condition, and his recognition that man's intellectual ability was firmly bound to the earthly and to reality, 4 4 Other thinkers before him had already voiced their observations on the theme of man's naked animalistic existence.

Nietzsche borrowed, for example, Schopenhauer's idea that man was not a winged angel's head without a body. Happiness of the people took second place to his desire for a genius derived from a higher cultural-spiritual and bodily development. In addition, he rejected the human characteristics that seemed to hint at the weaknesses of the "Great. Like many others before him, Nietzsche could not imagine a beautiful soul in a misshapen body. For him, man's intellect, will, soul, strength, reason, and inspiration, were all functions of his human body.

Through Zarathustra he declared: Ich gehe nicht euren Weg, ihr Verachter des Leibes! Hir seid mir keine Bracken zum TJbermenschen! For Nietzsche, both the body and the mind are essential for the well-being of the whole human being. According to Klaus Wolbert, Nietzsche's interest went beyond the exterior forms of Greek art and sculpture. For him, the inner body was just as important as the external body: However, Nietzsche's vision of a superman, one whose most decisive characteristic must be egoism, was an aesthetic fiction. It was a vision that was too heavily burdened by excessive physical and mental power to be within the reach of mortal human beings Wolbert, Nackten Around and after the turn of the century, Nietzsche's views on the body influenced in varying degrees the work of sculptors such as Johannes Bossard, Max Klinger, Georg Kolbes, Josef Thorak, and Arno Breker.

The writings of the George Circle, a group of writers who ardently believed in their own intellectual superiority and in the inferiority and ugliness of the "masses," also seemed to indicate the presence of Nietzsche's ideas in educated circles. Klaus Wolbert maintained that Nietzsche's discourses of the body do, in fact, contain the seeds of the Nazi aesthetic of the body: Doch dal3 in seinem Werk Gedanken zusammenfafit wurden, die aus der hoffartigen Distanzierung gegenuber dem Sozialismus erst ihre radikale Form erhielten, dafi diese inhumanen Gedanken als Gemeingut elitarer Bildungszirkel sich ausbreiteten und schliefilich auch zum Bewufitsein der Faschisten iiber Mensch und Kunst beitrugen, kann nicht im Ernst geleugnet werden.

Es wird nicht behauptet, dafi bei Nietzsche selbst dieser Geist den Faschismus bereits beinhaltet hatte, dessen Genese hatte keine geistigen, sondern konkrete sozio-okonomische Griinde, aber in solchem Geist hat er sich geaufiert. Of course, the Nazis did not really tolerate "ugliness. These body culture groups practised an alternative, improved life style through the adoption of health therapies that offered greater harmony in life, body, soul, and existence. Allotment gardens, artist colonies, nature healing, hiking, youth movements, vegetarianism, air, light, and sun worship, and the flourishing of nudist culture pointed to the growing desire to go back to nature.

Corsets and potbellies were also understood as negative signs of city life and of "deformed" human bodies. Beginning around the turn of the century, and gaining greater momentum in the twenties, other groups practised total body movement activities such as gymnastics, dance, and rhythmic exercises. They promised cures for bodies suffering from the ill effects of modern civilisation through muscle training, breathing, posture and agility exercises.

Nudity, however, was optional. The common denominator in all of these groups was an aggressive German national, "vdlkisch," and racist content. Body culture, in all of its forms, not only provided the union with the elemental, it also marked the turn to the forces of "Blut und Boden," and the racist ideal of "Schdnheit.

Male and female workers whose bodies were marked and physically damaged by accidents or illnesses, either due to their jobs or to their living conditions, were seen as inferior, servile, bowed, and "ugly" Wolbert, Nackten Body culture would eventually come to signify more than simply active physical training and strength. An aesthetic, mythical ideal of beauty, as well as specific physical characteristics were openly sought after.

In fact, anything that was culturally valuable was automatically credited to the Aryan race. As Hitler himself claimed: Was wir heute an menschlicher Kultur, an Ergebnissen von Kunst, Wissenschaft und Technik vor uns sehen, ist nahezu ausschliefilich schopferisches Produkt des Ariers Er ist der Prometheus der Menschheit, aus dessen lichter Stirne der gdttliche Funke des Genius zu alien Zeiten hervorsprang, immer von neuen jenes Feuer entziindend, das als Erkenntnis die Nacht der schweigenden Geheimnisse aufhellte und den Menschen so den Weg zum Beherrscher der anderen Wesen dieser Erde emporsteigen lieB.

Man schalte inn aus - und tiefe Dunkelheit wird vielleicht schon nach wenigen Jahrtausenden sich abermals auf die Erde senken, die menschliche Kultur wurde vergehen und die Welt verdden. Kampf 4 6 In the first decades of the twentieth century, German magazines like Die Schonheit. Zeitschrift fur vemiinftige Leibeszucht celebrated the naked, healthy, beautiful body, and promoted the light, air and sun culture based on nudity.

Nicht die Eitelkeit muB herangezogen werden, auf schone Kleider, die sich nicht jeder kaufen kann, sondem die Eitelkeit auf einen schonen, wohlgeformten Korper, den jeder mithelfen kann zu bilden. Das Madchen soli seinen Ritter kennenlernen. Auch dies ist im Interesse der Nation, daB sich die schonsten Korper finden und so mithelfen, dem Volkstum neue Schonheit zu schenken" Kampf For Hitler, the adjective "northern" also included the peoples of America and Europe. However, some inhabitants of supposedly "northern" countries could more accurately be described as swarthy, "pyknisch" types.

Therefore, in seeking to strictly define who was truly a German, the Nazis needed to be far more specific, indeed "scientific," in defining an Aryan. This was very important for the exclusionary racial policies of Hitler and his followers who saw themselves as members of a superior Aryan race. For him, therefore, the northern idea of nudity was the foundation of racial breeding and the myth of race: The outdoor activities offered by Hans Suren's "Korperschule" and "Schwunggymnastik" program promised not only to toughen the bodies of his followers, including "working people," but also to give them back their strength and beauty.

His aim was also to instil in them a fighting spirit and readiness for battle. It was Suren's intention, therefore, that "Nacktheit" become, as it were, a substitute for alcohol, cigarettes, and the other sensuous pleasures of the body that allegedly drained away the energy of the "Volk. As Hans Suren explained: So wie die Breker-Figuren sind wir nicht.

Eher sehen wir die langste Zeit unseres Lebens aus, wie die sogenannten entarteten Kiinstler den Menschen sahen" "Stellungnahmen" To her, Breker's statues, which celebrate intellectual superiority, seemed to emit something threatening and violent. In her opinion, artists in the Third Reich created undamaged, imperious statues against which to contrast the downgraded, humiliated, and broken people in the "old" German state. The ice skater seemed convinced that there was something inhuman about glorifying the undamaged human: We might draw here a parallel to Boll, whose aesthetic of the human is present in all aspects of his life and work, and who also recognised and insisted in acknowledging the beauty and value that exists even in damaged bodies.

In Der Mythus des Eine Wertung der seelisch-geistigen Gestaltenkampfe unserer Zeit Munich, , Rosenberg tediously explored the racial purity of Germans. Rosenberg's anti-Semitism and desire fed Hitler's own violent prejudices of "Nordic" conquests. He was executed as a war criminal in Niirnberg in Suren called on men and women from all sectors of society to be partners in a new Germanic era: Seid unbeugsam im Willen, doch seelenfein in Ritterlichkeit und Edelmut! Ihr konnt es, wenn ihr wollt - ihr Manner und Madchen -, denn ihr seid Nordischer Rasse.

Der Arier vollbringt alles was er will! In full agreement with the contemporary "Blut und Boden" ideology, Hans Suren exhorted both men and women to keep in mind Richard Walther Darre's three-pronged definition of "Schonheit" when they chose a marriage partner: The Nazis used this definition to evaluate and select those who would be suitable for populating the "new" German Empire that they wanted to create. In essence, it was a "perception" that was physical, moral and obliquely political.

This definition of beauty also ensured that a woman would be both mentally and physically capable of being a wife, and mother of perfect, healthy Aryans. She would be the source of soldiers for Hitler's coming wars of expansion. In a pseudo-lyrical way, the contemporary Nazi writer, Hans F. Giinther, summed up the image of the ideal German as a Nazi, and as a member of the Aryan, northern races, as follows: Nicht nur der begabteste, auch der schonste Mensch ist der Mensch nordischer Rasse.

Da steht die schlanke Gestalt des Marines aufgerichtet zu siegreichem Ausdruck des Knochen- und Muskelbaus, zu herrlichen AusmaB der breiten, kraftigen Schultern, der weiten Brust und der schmalgefestigten Huften. Da bliiht der Wuchs des Weibes auf mit schmalen gerundeten Schultern und breiter geschwungenen Huften, abef immer in Schlankheit zu holdester Anmut. Beim Manne das harter geschnittene Gesicht, beim Weibe das zarte Gesicht, bei beiden die leuchtend-durchblutete Haut, die blonden Haare, die hellen siegreichen Augen, bei beiden die vollendete Bewegung eines vollendeten Leibes!

Ritter However, this ideal of beauty and perfection which was more often than not more Utopian than real, gave rise to ironic jingles.

1. Full interview.
2. IH-Turnier Loitz | Loitz | "Blizzards" Eishockeyverein Neubrandenburg | Flickr;
3. EU-Japan Relations, 1970-2012: From Confrontation to Global Partnership (Routledge Contemporary Japan Series).
4. Ernährungstherapie bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (German Edition);
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It therefore 5 1 Hitler spells out what differentiates the Aryan from Jew: However, according to Hitler the reverse is true of the Jew: It is ironic that in his scientific publication in Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie the Vienna-born scientist Konrad Lorenz chose to illustrate the superior Aryan body with Arno Breker's statue of Dionysus The statue's exaggerated proportions gave him no cause for concern.

Instead, they enhanced his "scientific" findings. Sander Gilman, in his book Making the Body Beautiful , under the caption "The scale of the female body,"includes a remarkable photograph of eight numbered and racially identified naked women with an inscription which in part reads: The other six, however, appear to be photographs of "real" women, three from three different African countries, and one each from Samoa, Australia, Borneo. It was Hitler's ambition to create the perfect German Aryan body. However, he too, would have to resort to statues to fulfil his dreams of a beautiful master race.

The nudist movement was banned in March and the "Freikorperkultur," like all other associations and clubs, was brought under the complete control of the NSDAP. The nude culture club, with fewer than members, now became known as the "Bund fur deutsche Leibeszucht" and was brought into step with the organised orientation of all aspects of the Nazi state. Clearly, the Third Reich wanted no eccentrics. Members now pledged loyalty to the Party ideology, and swore to contribute in the creation of a great, strong and healthy Germany. What first began in the middle class sector as "Korperkultur," now became the Third Reich's practice of "Leibeszucht" whose goals were very specific: Sahr, "Daseinsberechtigung" 78 5 3 Sander Gilman references the illustration as follows: In the Third Reich, therefore, beauty became a political tool with which to exclude and destroy the anomalous: Purity became the catchword that would spell life or death for millions when its character was perverted into this deadly ideology.

The Nurnberg Racial Laws were designed to protect German blood and honour. The works of artists like Kathe Kollwitz, Ernst Barlach, and Emil Nolde were used as counter images to the unbroken, smooth, undamaged, and therefore "beautiful" appearance of the Nazi depictions of "synthetic"56 Aryan bodies.

The idealised inner lifelessness of Nazi female statues displayed no semblance of decadent eroticism and individuality. Eroticism was only to be aimed at procreation, not at the sheer pleasure of it. Konrad Lorenz's remarks concerning the aesthetic "Beziehungsschemata" of the female body in this regard, are also notable: Sehen wir von den Merkmalen ab, die im Schdnheitsideal beider Geschlechter iibereinstimmen Skelettlange, gerade, lange Beine, Schadelbasislange usw. Lorenz, "Die angeborenen Formen" The role of women in the Third Reich was therefore clearly reflected in every aspect of German society.

Writing almost four decades later, Susan Sontag's comment on this aspect of the fascist ideal appear to confirm Konrad's views of the role women played in the Third Reich. According to Sontag, Hitler's regime sought to create "a society in which women are merely breeders and helpers, excluded from all ceremonial functions, and represent a threat to the integrity and strength of men" Sontag, "Fascinating" Udo Pini,57 in his book Leibeskult und Liebeskitsch: