Religion ohne Jenseits? (German Edition)

I meant to say: The faith demanded and often attained by early Christianity in the midst of the southern world of skeptical free spirits, which had behind it, and in it, centuries of struggle between philosophical schools, but also the education in tolerance which the Roman Empire gave — this faith is not that innocent and grumpy subalterns' faith with which a Luther or a Cromwell , or some other northern barbarian of the spirit, clung to his god and to Christianity; it is rather much closer to the faith of Pascal, which resembles in a gruesome manner to a continuous suicide of reason, — a tough, long-lived, wormlike reason that cannot be killed all at once and with a single blow.

The Christian faith has been from the beginning a sacrificial offering: There is cruelty and religious Phoenicianism [ self-mutilation ] in this faith, which is demanded of a mushy, multifold, and much-spoiled conscience: Wherever the religious neurosis has appeared on earth so far, we find it combined with three dangerous dietary prescriptions: This latter doubt is justified by the fact that one of the most regular symptoms of the condition, among both savage and civilized peoples, is the most sudden and extravagant sensuality which then, just as suddenly, turns into spasms of repentance and a denial of the world and of the will: But nowhere should one put aside interpretations more than here: How is the negation of the will possible?

At this point the hitherto existing psychology run aground: The "Miracle" only an error of interpretation? A deficiency in philology? We Northerners undoubtedly derive our origin from barbarian races, even in respect to our talents for religion: How strangely pious for our taste are still these later French skeptics, to the extent there is any Celtic blood in their origin!

How Jesuitical , that charming and shrewd cicerone of Port Royal, Sainte-Beuve , in spite of all his hostility towards Jesuits!

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And even more so Ernest Renan: Just try repeating after him these fine sentences — and see what a malicious and arrogant response is immediately aroused in our probably less beautiful but harder souls, that is to say, in our more German souls! How not to suppose that it is in moments like this that man sees best?

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It is so nice and such a distinction to have antipodes of one's own! The astonishing thing about ancient Greek's religiosity is the unbridled abundance of gratitude that pours forth from it — it is a very noble type of man he who stands nature and life in this way! The passion for God: There is an Oriental exasperation in it, like that of an undeservedly favored or elevated slave, as in the case of St.

Augustine , for instance, who lacks in an offensive manner all nobility in bearing and desires. In many cases, strangely enough, it appears as the disguise of a girl's or youth's puberty; here and there even as the hysteria of an old maid, also as her last ambition. Until to now the most powerful people have always bowed reverently before the saint, as a riddle of self-subjugation and deliberate ultimate renunciation: They sensed in him — and, so to speak, behind the question mark of his frail and pathetic appearance — the superior force that sought to test itself by such a subjugation; the strength of will, in which they recognized anew their own strength and love of power, and knew how to honor it: In addition to this, the contemplation of the saint aroused in them a suspicion: There is perhaps a reason for it, some very great danger, about which the ascetic might wish to be more accurately informed through his secret comforters and visitors?

In short, the powerful people of the of the world learned a new fear in his presence, they sensed a new power, a strange, still unconquered enemy: They had to question him. In the Jewish "Old Testament," the book of divine justice, there are men, things, and sayings portrayed in such an grand style, that nothing in Greek and Indian literature can be compared to it. One stands with terror and awe before these tremendous remnants of what man once was, and has sad thoughts about ancient Asia and its protruding little peninsula Europe, which would like to represent the "progress of man" in absolute contrast to Asia.

To have glued this New Testament, a kind of rococo of taste in every respect, together with the Old Testament into one book, as the "Bible," as "The Book in Itself: Why [what is the reason for] Atheism today? What then does the whole modern philosophy basically do? Since Descartes — and indeed more in defiance of him than on the basis of his example — an attempt has been made on the part of all philosophers to assassinate the old concept of the soul, under the guise of a criticism of the subject-and-predicate concept — that is to say: Modern philosophy, as epistemological skepticism, is, secretly or openly, anti-christian , although, speaking for finer ears, by no means anti-religious.

Wesenseigenschaften Gottes - Islam auf Deutsch

In earlier times, in fact, people believed in "the soul" as one believed in grammar and the grammatical subject: The attempt was then made, with admirable tenacity and artfulness, to see if one could not get out of this trap, — to see whether perhaps the opposite was true: There is a great ladder of religious cruelty, with many rungs; but three of these are the most important. In earlier times people sacrificed human beings to their God, and perhaps even those whom they loved most, — to this category belong the sacrifices of the first-born in all prehistoric religions, and also the sacrifice of the Emperor Tiberius in the Mithras-Grotto on the Island of Capri, that most terrible of all Roman anachronisms.

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Then, during the moral epoch of mankind, people sacrificed to their God the strongest instincts they possessed, their "nature;" this celebratory joy shines in the cruel glances of ascetics and "anti-nature" fanatics. Was it not necessary in the end for men to sacrifice everything comforting, holy, healing, all hope, all faith in hidden harmonies, in future blessedness and justice? Was it not necessary to sacrifice God himself, and out of cruelty against themselves to worship stone, stupidity, gravity, fate, nothingness? To sacrifice God for nothingness — this paradoxical mystery of the ultimate cruelty has been reserved for the generation now arising: Anyone who, like me, with any enigmatic desire has sought for a long time to get to the bottom of the question of pessimism and to redeem it from the half-Christian, half-German narrowness and simplicity with which he has most recently presented itself this century, namely, in the form of Schopenhauer's philosophy; anyone who, at one point has truly looked with an Asiatic and super-Asiatic eye inside and underneath the most world-renouncing of all possible ways of thinking — beyond good and evil, and no longer under the spell and delusion of morality, like Buddha and Schopenhauer —, whoever has done this, has perhaps just by that, without really intending it, opened his eyes to the opposite ideal: And wouldn't this be — God as a vicious circle?

The distance, and, so to speak, the space around man grows with the strength of his intellectual gaze and insight: Perhaps the most solemn concepts that have caused the most fighting and suffering, the concepts "God" and "sin," will one day seem to us of no more importance than a child's plaything or a pain of childhood seems to an old man, — and perhaps "the old man," still child enough, an eternal child!

Has anyone noticed to what extent outward leisure, or half-leisure, is necessary to a true religious life which includes its favorite labor of microscopic of self-examination, along with that state of gentle calm called "prayer," the state of perpetual readiness for the "coming of God" , I mean the idleness with a good conscience, the idleness of ancestral times and of blood [inherited] , which is not altogether unfamiliar with the aristocratic concept that work degrades — namely, that it vulgarizes body and soul?

And that consequently the modern, noisy, time-consuming, conceited, foolishly proud industriousness trains and prepares for "unbelief" more than anything else?

Wesenseigenschaften Gottes

Among these, for instance, who are at present living apart from religion in Germany, I find "free-thinkers" of various kinds and backgrounds, but above all a majority of those in whom industriousness, from generation to generation, has extinguished the religious instincts: They are by no means hostile to religious customs; should certain circumstances, State affairs perhaps, require their participation in such customs, they do what is required, as so many things are done —, with a patient and unassuming seriousness, and without much curiosity or discomfort: Daher ist die transnationale Perspektive von entscheidender Bedeutung: Auch der Prophet aus Ghana befindet sich nur auf der Durchreise.

Von Berlin aus wird er weiter nach Stuttgart und Frankfurt reisen, um dann nach Spanien zu fliegen. Nationalstaatliche Grenzziehungen und juristische Regelwerke tragen zu sozialer und politischer Ausgrenzung bei. Rituale werden umgedeutet und vermischen sich mit anderen Elementen.

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Anders als die MigrantInnen brauchen sie jedoch keine Arbeitserlaubnis, kein Visum, kein Flugticket und keinen Reisepass. Kristine Krause ist Ethnologin und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in diesem Forschungsprojekt.

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Dieses Bild steht unter einer Creative Commons Lizenz. In den letzten Jahren sind Tausende neuer MigrantInnen 1 angekommen. Migration —Religion — Integration. Buddhistische Vietnamesen und hinduistische Tamilen in Deutschland. Pathways of Migrant Incorporation in Germany. Online-Version Glick Schiller, N. Transnational Perspectives on Migration: International Migration Review, Vol. Islamisches Gemeindeleben in Berlin. Online Version Levitt, P.

God needs no passport. Immigrants and the Changing American Religious Landscape. Afrikanische Kirchen in Deutschland. Conceiving and researching Transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies.