Che fiero costume (How Void of Compassion)

The words of an opera are known as the libretto, some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti, others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e. Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, the terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below. Over the 18th century, arias were accompanied by the orchestra. Subsequent composers have tended to follow Wagners example, though some, the changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail below.

Libretto — A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical.

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The term libretto is also used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata. Libretto, from Italian, is the diminutive of the word libro, sometimes other language equivalents are used for libretti in that language, livret for French works and Textbuch for German.

A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot.

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The relationship of the librettist to the composer in the creation of a work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources. In the context of a modern English language musical theatre piece, Libretti for operas, oratorios and cantatas in the 17th and 18th centuries generally were written by someone other than the composer, often a well-known poet. Metastasio was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe and his libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 18th-century librettist was Lorenzo Da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozarts greatest operas, as well as for other composers.

Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, the libretto is not always written before the music. Some composers wrote their own libretti, Richard Wagner is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas.

In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics, thus, a musical such as Fiddler on the Roof has a composer, a lyricist and the writer of the book. In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements - music, lyrics and libretto, Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken dramas for stage or screen. The libretto of a musical, on the hand, is almost always written in prose. Strauss was also a prominent conductor in Western Europe and the Americas, enjoying quasi-celebrity status as his compositions became standards of orchestral and operatic repertoire.

Strauss was born on 11 June in Munich, the son of Josephine and Franz Strauss, in his youth, he received a thorough musical education from his father. He wrote his first composition at the age of six and continued to write music almost until his death, during his boyhood Strauss attended orchestra rehearsals of the Munich Court Orchestra, where he received private instruction in music theory and orchestration from an assistant conductor. The influence of Wagners music on Strausss style was to be profound, but at first his musically conservative father forbade him to study it.

Indeed, in the Strauss household, the music of Richard Wagner was viewed with deep suspicion, in later life, Strauss said that he deeply regretted the conservative hostility to Wagners progressive works. Nevertheless, Strausss father undoubtedly had a influence on his sons developing taste. In early in Vienna he gave the first performance of his Violin Concerto in D minor, playing a piano reduction of the part himself. Strausss compositions at time were indebted to the style of Robert Schumann or Felix Mendelssohn.

She was famous for being irascible, garrulous, eccentric and outspoken, throughout his life, from his earliest songs to the final Four Last Songs of , he preferred the soprano voice to all others, and all his operas contain important soprano roles. Franz and Alice had two sons, Richard and Christian, some of Strausss first compositions were solo instrumental and chamber works. After Strauss composed very infrequently for chamber groups, his energies being almost completely absorbed with large-scale orchestral works and operas.

Four of his pieces are actually arrangements of portions of his operas, including the Daphne-Etude for solo violin and the String Sextet. Thebes, Greece — Thebes is a city in Boeotia, central Greece. It played an important role in Greek myths, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus and others. Archaeological excavations in and around Thebes have revealed a Mycenaean settlement and clay tablets written in the Linear B script, Thebes was the largest city of the ancient region of Boeotia and was the leader of the Boeotian confederacy.

It was a rival of ancient Athens, and sided with the Persians during the BC invasion under Xerxes. During the Byzantine period, the city was famous for its silks, the modern city contains an Archaeological Museum, the remains of the Cadmea, and scattered ancient remains. Modern Thebes is the largest town of the unit of Boeotia.

Thebes is situated in a plain, between Lake Yliki to the north, and the Cithaeron mountains, which divide Boeotia from Attica and its elevation is metres above mean sea level. It is about 50 kilometres northwest of Athens, and kilometres southeast of Lamia, motorway 1 and the Athens—Thessaloniki railway connect Thebes with Athens and northern Greece. The municipality of Thebes covers an area of In , as a consequence of the Kallikratis reform, Thebes was merged with Plataies, Thisvi, and Vagia to form a larger municipality, the other three become units of the larger municipality.

Five main cycles of story may be distinguished, The foundation of the citadel Cadmea by Cadmus, the building of a seven-gated wall by Amphion, and the cognate stories of Zethus, Antiope and Dirce. See Theban pederasty and Pederasty in ancient Greece for detailed discussion, the immolation of Semele and the advent of Dionysus. The Greeks attributed the foundation of Thebes to Cadmus, a Phoenician king from Tyre, Cadmus was famous for teaching the Phoenician alphabet and building the Acropolis, which was named the Cadmeia in his honor and was an intellectual, spiritual, and cultural center.

As a fortified community, it attracted attention from the invading Dorians, and this centralizing policy is as much the cardinal fact of Theban history as the counteracting effort of the smaller towns to resist absorption forms the main chapter of the story of Boeotia. The meaning of the name is, as in the case of the masculine equivalent Antigonus, Antigone is the subject of a story in which she attempts to secure a respectable burial for her brother Polynices. Oedipuss sons, Eteocles and Polynices, had shared the rule jointly until they quarrelled, in Sophocles account, the two brothers agreed to alternate rule each year, but Eteocles decided not to share power with his brother after his tenure expired.

Polynices left the kingdom, gathered an army and attacked the city of Thebes in a called the Seven Against Thebes. Both brothers were killed in the battle, King Creon, who has ascended to the throne of Thebes after the death of the brothers, decrees that Polynices is not to be buried or even mourned, on pain of death by stoning.

Antigone, Polynices sister, defies the order, but is caught, in the oldest version of the story, the burial of Polynices takes place during Oedipus reign in Thebes, before Oedipus marries his mother, Jocasta. However, in versions such as Sophocles tragedies Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, it occurs in the years after the banishment and death of Oedipus. Antigone is brought before Creon, and states that she knew Creons law regarding no mourning for Polynices but chose to break it, expounding upon the superiority of divine law to that made by man.

She puts the will of the gods ahead of man-made laws, responding to the decision of not granting Polynices a burial with courage, Sophocles Antigone ends in disaster, with Antigone being locked in a tomb on Creons orders. Although Creon has a change of heart and heads to the tomb to release Antigone, queen Eurydice, wife of King Creon, also kills herself following her sons death.

Parts, Versions, Transpositions

She has been forced to weave throughout the story and her death alludes to The Fates. Sophocles play is a representation of the Greek tragedy with inherent flaws of the acting characters that result in negative. In essence such classic theater originated from the ancient hymns to Dionysius for whom goats were regularly slaughtered, Antigone and Creon are prototypical, tragic figures in an Aristotelian sense as they struggle towards their doomed and lonely end without correcting interference by deities. Antigone also plays a role in Euripides extant play The Phoenician Women, different elements of the legend appear in other places.

When the boy grows up, he attends some funeral games at Thebes and this leads to the discovery that Antigone is still alive. Argos — Argos is a city in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It is also a bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see. It is the biggest town in Argolis and a center for the area.

Since the local government reform it has been part of the municipality of Argos-Mykines, the municipal unit has an area of It is 11 kilometres from Nafplion, which was its historic harbour, a settlement of great antiquity, Argos has been continuously inhabited as at least a substantial village for the past 7, years. However, this term is used to refer to those ancient Greeks generally who assaulted the city of Troy during the Trojan War.

Numerous ancient monuments can be found in the city today, the most famous of which is the Heraion of Argos, agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy. The name of the city is ancient and several etymological theories have been proposed as an explanation to its meaning. The most popular one maintains that the name of the city is a remainder from the Pelasgian language, i.

Alternatively, the name is associated with Argos, the king of the city in ancient times. As a strategic location on the plain of Argolis, Argos was a major stronghold during the Mycenaean era. There is evidence of settlement in the area starting with a village about years ago in the late Neolithic. It was colonized in prehistoric times by the Pelasgian Greeks, since that time, Argos has been continually inhabited at the same geographical location.

Its creation is attributed to Phoroneus, with its first name having been Phoronicon Asty, the city is located at a rather propitious area, among Nemea, Corinth and Arcadia. It also benefitted from its proximity to lake Lerna, which, during the Dorian invasion, c. Aetolia — Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. The country has a level and fruitful coastal region, but an unproductive, the mountains contained many wild beasts, and acquired fame in Greek mythology as the scene of the hunt for the Calydonian Boar.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions that Curetes was the old name of the Aetolians, the Aetolians took part in the Trojan War, under their king Thoas. The mountain tribes of Aetolia were the Ophioneis, the Apodotoi, the Agraeis, the Aperantoi, the primitive lifestyle of those tribes made an impression on ancient historians. Polybius doubted their Greek heritage, while Livy reports that spoke a language similar to the Macedonians.

On the other hand, Thucydides claims that Eurytanians spoke a very difficult language and they were semi-barbaric, warlike and predatory. They worshiped Apollo as god of nature and Artemis as goddess of wilderness. The Aetolians refused to participate in the Persian Wars, in BC, led by Aegitios, they defeated the Athenians and their allies, who had turned against Apodotia and Ophioneia under the general command of Demosthenes.

However, they failed to regain Naupaktos, which had meanwhile been conquered by the Corinthians with the aid of the Athenians, at the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Aetolians took part as mercenaries of the Athenians in the expedition against Syracuse. During the Lamian War, the Aetolians helped the Athenian general Leosthenes defeat Antipater, as a result, they came into conflict with Antipater and Craterus, taking great risks, but were eventually saved by the disagreement between the two Macedonian generals and Perdiccas.

The Acarnanians then attempted to invade their land, but the Aetolians were able to force them to flee, the Aetolians set up a united league, the Aetolian League, in early times. It soon became a confederation and by c.

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The war was first started by the Aetolians with the help of the Spartans and Eleans, allies of the Achaeans were the Macedonians, the Boeotians, the Phocians, the Epirotes, the Acarnanians and the Messenians. The poem deals with the Theban cycle and treats the assault of the seven champions of Argos against the city of Thebes, based on Statius own testimony, the Thebaid was written AD c.

The poem is divided into books in imitation of Vergils Aeneid and is composed in 9, hexameter verses. In the Silvae, Statius speaks of his work in polishing and revising the Thebaid. From the epilogue it seems clear that Statius considered the Thebaid to be his magnum opus, perhaps a more important source for Statius was the long epic Thebais of Antimachus of Colophon, an important poem both in the development of the Theban cycle and the evolution of Hellenistic poetry.

On the Latin side, Statius is highly indebted to Vergil, ovids considerable influence can be traced in Statiuss handling of cosmic structure, description, style, and verse, Ovid in some ways seems to be more a model for Statius than Vergil at times. The influence of Lucan can be felt in Statiuss penchant for macabre battle sequences, discussion of tyranny. Senecas tragedies also seem to be an influence in the Thebaid, particularly in Statiuss portrayal of family relations, generational curses, necromancy, the narrative begins with Oedipus prayer to the chthonic gods and curse on his sons Polyneices and Eteocles who have rejected and mistreated him.

The Fury Tisiphone hears Oedipus prayer and ascends to the earth to fulfill the curse, Mercury is sent to the underworld to fetch the shade of Laius to drive Eteocles to war. Meanwhile Polyneices is driven by a storm to Argos and the threshold of Adrastuss palace, where he meets Tydeus, an exile from Calydon who is seeking shelter. The book ends with Adrastus prayer to Apollo, Adrastus marries Polyneices to Argia and Tydeus to Deipyle in a ceremony marred by ill omens.

The poet describes the necklace of Harmonia, which Argia wears to the wedding, as an object that brings its bearers bad luck, Polyneices sends Tydeus on an embassy to Eteocles to remind him that his time of rule is over. Eteocles refuses Tydeus request for him to give up the throne, Tydeus leaves in a rage and Eteocles sends an ambush to kill him as he returns in a mountain pass. Tydeus kills all the ambushers except Maeon so he can carry the back to Eteocles. Tydeus then attaches the battle trophies—taken from the slain—to an oak tree as he prays to Minerva, Book 3 Maeon returns to Thebes, reports the slaughter to Eteocles, criticizing the tyrants behavior, and then commits suicide.

The Thebans go out to survey the slaughter and bury the dead, Jupiter orders Mars to go to earth to stir up war, but Venus blocks his chariot, beseeching him to prevent the war. Mars follows Jupiters commands and heads to earth, stirring up trouble in the cities and driving Adrastus, Amphiaraus and Melampus go to Aphesas to take auspices about the coming war, which portend confusion, violence, and death. Luciano Pavarotti — Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time.

As one of the Three Tenors, Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts, Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He died from cancer on 6 September Luciano Pavarotti was born in on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker.

Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money, according to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in , for the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming.

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After abandoning the dream of becoming a goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarottis earliest musical influences were his fathers recordings, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day — Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, at around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was interested in pursuing a career as a football goalkeeper. He subsequently taught in a school for two years but finally allowed his interest in music to win out.

Recognising the risk involved, his father gave his consent only reluctantly, Pavarotti began the serious study of music in at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music and he later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer.

At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni, like Pavarotti, Freni was destined to operatic greatness, they were to share the stage many times and make memorable recordings together. Become a Member Today!

Full performance and recording rights and unlimited prints. Includes digital copy and unlimited prints. Add to wish list. Che fiero costume Composed by: F Minor Product Type: The Arrangement Details Tab gives you detailed information about this particular arrangement of Che fiero costume - not necessarily the song. Not the arrangement you were looking for? Giovanni Legrenzi Number of Pages: Song Aria Cantata Solo Instruments: Allegretto con moto Metronome: Baroque Classical Opera 17th-Century. The Song Details Tab gives you detailed information about this song, Che fiero costume.

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