Les Neuf Piliers de la sagesse (French Edition)

A Century of French Cinema. The Story of Fossils: In Search of Vanished Worlds. Painter of Terror and Splendour. The World of the Undead. The First Modern Painter. Empire of Blood and Gold. The Normandy Landings and the Liberation of Europe. Originally published in English [2]. A Journey Through Eternity. A Voyage Through Eternity. Painter of the Night. The Sensuality of Colour. Heart of an Asian Empire. Mysteries of Easter Island. Catherine Orliac , Michel Orliac. The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages.

Building in the Middle Ages. Painter of Modern Life. The Search for Our Origins. The Search for Our Beginnings. Originally published in English [3]. The Gardens of Western Europe. Architecture of the Renaissance: From Brunelleschi to Palladio. The Art of Comedy. Originally published in English [4]. The Golden Treasures of Troy: The Dream of Heinrich Schliemann. The Crusades and the Holy Land. The Poetry of Landscape. Exploring the World Beneath the Sea. Searching for the Legendary Palace of King Minos.

Architect of a New Age. Lewis Carroll and Alice. Lewis Carroll in Wonderland: Originally published in English [5]. King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Arthur et la Table ronde: Heart of Imperial China. Lost Empire of Cambodia. Splendours of the Peacock Throne. The Art of Dreams. Diamonds and Precious Stones.

Prehistoric Art and Civilization. Signs , Symbols and Ciphers: Stonehenge , Carnac and the World of Megaliths. The Search for Ancient China. The Art and Culture of Japan. The Bronze Age in Europe: Gods, Heros and Treasures.

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Making and Using Dyes and Pigments. The Colour of Daily Life. The Christians of the Nile. Giants of the Seas and Oceans. Yves Cohat , Anne Collet. History , Lore, and Legend. Master of the Intimate Interior. The Invention of Photography: It's up to us to take advantage of an opportunity or a warning sign. An older person can give this wise suggestion to the younger ones because it contains the beauty of the thought of taking advantage of the opportunity.

It could also be suggested to businessmen to take action or not to act. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to The Sykes-Picot agreements are signed on May 16, The Sykes-Picot agreements are secret agreements signed on May 16, , after negotiations between November and March , between France and the United Kingdom, with the approval of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy , providing for the sharing of the Middle East in several areas of influence for the benefit of these powers, which amounted to dismembering the Otto- man Empire.

These secret agreements were finally revealed to the general public only on November 23, , in an article of Izvestia and Pravda and on November 26, , then included in an article by the Manchester Guardian. Accord de Sykes-Picot https: The agreement did not take into account geographical conditions, nor ethnic, religious or cultural distribution.

The blue zone of France included Lebanon and the southeastern part of present-day Turkey, as well as Syria and the nor- thern part of Iraq. The red zone covered the southern part of Iraq and Kuwait, as well as Jordan, the northern part of Saudi Arabia and the international administration part. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to Source: Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to In June , the agent of the British secret services TE Lawrence , under a cover of most convenient archaeologists, is assigned to a mission which will disrupt the order of things in the Middle East.

In an article in Le Monde diplomatique dating from , Henry Laurens exposes that "a number of romantic spirits in Cairo" Lawrence to provide "a secret magazine of Middle East politics. The British Foreign Office have described it as: Nor might the journal be quoted from, even in secret communications. The Arab Bulletin was written by experts for officials concerned with the area and for military commanders. The authors assumed on the part of their readers a very considerable back- https: The final issue, nel. The image above shows handwritten sta- no. Thus the Bulletin covers one of the most significant periods tistics which appear to refer to the geographi- in the history of the modern Middle East.

Not only does it describe in detail the campaign, cal locations of Ottoman military forces. The Bul- letin also reflects the emerging perception by the British of the idea of Arab unity. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to Novembre T. Lawrence meets Wingate in Khartoum in November when he reached the end of his term as governor general of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

Wingate then has the new task of eliminating the harmful economic consequences of the war of the Mahdists Sudan War , what occupies him until He was appointed Major General in and Lieutenant General in He was also given the title of Pasha. As he speaks of Wingate and Khartoum, Lawrence is referring to the clothing of the Arabs he has chosen to wear.

Our stubbornness to wear a hat in the East due to our ignorance, in fact, of insolation was, first of all, for the Orientals a subject of profound meditations. Finally, the wisest of them concluded that the Christians kept this hideous object on their head to put the screen of its edges between their weak sight and the embarrassing image of God. Our hat reminds us incessantly to Islam that God, the misnamed, is also unloved by Christians. The English, for their part, decided that such an unfortunate preju- dice and which has nothing in common with our hatred for turbans must be corrected at all costs.

They refused to give up their headgear: For my part, I had been accustomed in Syria, even before the war, to wear the Arab costume when it was necessary; I felt comfortable there, without the slightest impression of degradation. The dresses were very annoying to climb the stairs four to four, but the veil was perfectly adapted to the climate. Having adopted it during our journey into the interior of the country, I was now, braving contempt, to fly it under the fire of the British fleet, until some shop agreed to sell me a cap.

Sir Reginald Wingate , Sirdar of the Egyptian army, Sirdar, honorary title of the general-in-chief of an army in the Middle East received the command of the British troops intended to support the Arab Revolt; I thought it very necessary to go and see Sir Reginald, too, to confide my impressions to him. So I asked Admiral Weymiss for a place on his ship and on his train to Khartoum. He gladly granted it to me after an examination in good standing. I discovered that his active mind and broad intelligence had been concerned from the beginning with the Arab Revolt.

Many times his flagship came to help the Rebels at critical moments; many times he had strayed from his path to support a fight on the coast, which was properly the work of the Army, rather than his own. Receiving all the requests with a real pleasure, he made it right with generosity. He had given the Arabs cannons and machine guns, transported, disembarked troops, provided technical advice, in short, cooperated with the Movement without skimping and the best will of the world After Arabia, Khartoum seemed fresh to me.

I drew on this change the energy necessary to communicate to Sir Reginald Wingate the long report written while waiting for Yanbo sometimes spelled Yanbu. The conclusions were full of promise. The Arabs, in my opinion, needed, above all, technical advice; the success of the campaign would be assured by seconding to the Arab chiefs some officers of our regular army, instructed in the language of the country and experienced technicians, who would keep us in touch with the Revolt.

My optimism cheers Wingate. For years, he dreamed of this Revolt. However, chance wanted him to receive, during my stay in Khartoum, the power to play the leading role. The intrigues against Sir Henry Mac Mahon had just succeeded: So, after two or three days comfortably reading Arthur's Death, I came back from Khartoum to Cairo sure to have told the man responsible all that I could tell him.

The descent on the Nile became a pleasure. End of the excerpt https: He was named First Sea Lord in December He represented Great Britain, alongside Marshal Foch, Generalissimo of the Allied Armies, during negotiations with the Germans and the signing of the armistice in the Rethondes Glade. The man, who served several years in Sudan, is fluent in the Arabic language. Before inventing a rudimentary pomegranate, the so-called Garland pomegranate used during the Dardanelles campaign , then a mine to blow up the railroad lines, this explosives specialist, ten years earlier, published a novel sentimental located in Guernsey.

Better handling the dynamite than the pen, the "Commander" teaches Lawrence the basics of his art before becoming the last person in charge of the Arab Bulletin, in Lawrence will pay tribute to this discreet hero in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: He had his own way of blowing up the trains, cutting down the telegraph lines or cutting the metals, and his knowledge of the Arabic language, combined with the freedoms that he took with the theories taught at the School of Engineering, allowed him to train in a jiffy Bedouins illiterate to the job of saboteur.

He familiarized me with the explosives. His health was failing, and the climate often made him sick. Her fragile heart was aching after an effort or a hard blow. But he treated these risks with the same casualness as his detonators The Arabs had no more than 1, men and it was expected that the Ottomans would descend on the city imminently. Garland made sure that a defensive trench was dug by the inhabitants of the city, barbed wire was established, the positions of the machine guns were correctly located and the year-old coral walls were reinforced.

He even put an old Turkish gun into service which, in Garlands' words, was "able to pull back instead of forwards. One of Garland's men thought the spotlight had played a key role in winning the battle, being used to discourage an Ottoman attack by highlighting the plain without the cover that had to be crossed before reaching the city. Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to HSource: Herbert Garland was a maverick explosives expert who played a pivotal role in the Arab insurgency against the Ottoman Empire.

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By Richard Alleyne, Science Correspondent 6: Now the Royal Society of Chemistry is to finally commemorate the army officer who wrecked his health leading the Arab rebellion before dying forgotten and almost penniless in Gravesend aged just Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to Following: At the outbreak of war, he joined the Arab Bureau along with Lawrence, a group of intellectuals and businessmen whose "mission was to collect every possible bit of information about Turkish and German influence in the Middle East and act on it in the field.

He developed the mines and taught Lawrence and the rebels how to use them in their guerrilla campaign that acted as a great diversion allowing the British to take Damascus and bring down the Ottoman Empire. His final act in the war was being sent to Medina, the last place to be surrendered by the Turks, in late He was responsible for the overseeing of the surrender of the key town to the allies.

But while Lawrence of Arabia, who died almost 75 years ago, refers to him briefly in his book, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, the full achievements of Garland have not been revealed until now. Lawrence alludes to Garland in his book about the desert revolt, upon which the multi Oscar-winning film Lawrence of Arabia was based and which made great play of the derailing of Turkish trains.

His pupils admired a man who was never at a loss. In a letter, Lawrence writes at one point that Garland contribution to the campaign was greater than his. He digs their trenches, teaches them musketry, machine gun work, signaling, gets on with them exceedingly well and always makes the best of things and they all like him too.

Lawrence is assigned to the intelligence services to General Maude seizes Baghdad on March 11, General Maude seized Baghdad on March 11, , and Gertrude Bell soon settled there. By Not identified - Mrs. Sir Stanley Maude and Other Memories. And there he meets Auda Abu Tayi. Lawrence describing Auda Abu Tayi "As always with Lawrence, it's the first impression that counts and, precisely, the fascination he feels for the Bedouin is immediate. We had been told many things about this man and what I had learned had led me to the conclusion that his competition would allow us to force the lock of Aqaba; when, having listened for a few moments, I perceived the strength and lack of detours of the character, I knew we were reaching the goal [ He must have been more than sixty years old, and his black hair was streaked with white, but he was still sturdy and straight, as supple, slender, and lively as a much younger man.

His face, beautiful even in his wrinkles and furrows, reflected the great sorrow of his life, the disappearance of Annad, his favorite son [ But no matter that the pink line corrects the blue line, the essential thing is to note the terrible effort it took to take the Turks back.

July 6, , the fall of Aqaba So, one might wonder why he chooses Aqaba? Because, first of all, the Turkish army is very present and this army can prevent the English, located in Egypt, from marching towards Jerusalem. On this route from Al Wadjh to Aqaba, Lawrence will decide to leave this army for a few days to go back alone to Damascus. And when he returns to this army whose objective has not changed, since it remained Aqaba, he will even take the opportu- nity to blow a train.

Finally, it is July 5, that they arrive at Aqaba, whose defense sea side seems impassable. What is not the case from the rear, and besides nobody had thought to defend the rear as it needed still big efforts from these Arab tired to accomplish this distance and overcome the difficul- ties of the ground. When the Turks watched as the Arabs descended from the ridges, they were terrified and surrendered the next day. It was an absolutely unpredictable victory And Lawrence obviously warned the staff of Cairo.

Never mind, he will cross the desert and arrive in Cairo km of desert in 49 hours, report the reports of historians where after some unders- tandable hesitation, he will be welcomed as a national hero. Gene- ral Allenby will name him Major. July 6, , the fall of Aqaba http: Lawrence on his camel in Aqaba. July 6, , the fall of Aqaba Some details on the Battle of Aqaba https: A separate group of Arab rebels, in coordination with the expedition, had taken up the position a few days earlier, but a Turkish infantry battalion took it over.

They then attacked an Arab encampment and killed several of them. Having learned of these facts, Auda personally launched an attack on Turkish troops on 6 July. The Arab charge was victorious. The Turkish resistance was weak, but the Arabs massacred hundreds of soldiers by pure revenge, before their leaders could prevent them. A total of Turks were killed and others captured, for only 2 killed and some wounded.

Lawrence himself nearly perished during the operations: Auda also came close to death several times: Meanwhile, some British ships positioned themselves off Aqaba itself, and began to bomb the fort. See photo taken in , next page At that moment, Lawrence, Auda, and Nasir gathered their troops; they were now quadrupled, amounting to about 2, men, the local Bedouins having now joined the rebellion following the defeat of the Turks at Lissal. This force skirted the defensive lines of Aqaba and received the surrender of Ottoman troops from the fort.

The illustration Turkish surrender of Aqaba is fulled of dignity compared to cruelty of the text above The illustration comes from The Arab Revolt by David Murphy. The work is by Peter Dennis. July 6, , the fall of Aqaba Faisal is in the center of the picture, and Lawrence, observes his right forearm that he squeezes with his left hand.

Lawrence on the right of this first photo in Aqaba with Damascene Nesib el Bekri cen- ter , who was also one of the conquerors of the strategic port. Lawrence and his col- leagues set up quite decent cam- ping arrangements. With a Per- sian carpet at its hearth entrance, this tent was equipped with beds and rudimentary washing facili- ties. The guy-lines of the tent were secured with pegs and with the additional weight of a sand bag at each corner, evidence that the weather in the desert could whip up quite a strong wind.

A box of records kept the men entertained, and one or two pets were introduced for added distraction. Major Scott, base commander at Aqaba, holds a terrier name "Robert. July 6, , the fall of Aqaba The Aqaba Fortress photographed in https: Wadi Rum or Wadi Ramm Arabic: It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in as a natural and cul- tural property. Geologically, Wadi Rum is a valley wadi or wadi created by the erosion of an endorheic stream in the sandstone and granite rocks of southwes- tern Jordan.

July 6, , the fall of Aqaba The only movie sequence where I heard the voice that I guess to be Lawrence's one. Any approval or disagreement is welcome so that I can possibly correct — Thanks. Upon arriving at the Suez Canal, La- wrence phoned Cairo HQ to announce this success, and he also organized a naval supply ship to Aqaba.

Lawrence arrived in Cairo a few days later and met Allenby, who agreed to supply the Arab forces with arms, food, financing and several warships. The capture of Aqaba allowed the transport of Fai- sal's army further north, where it could begin opera- tions with the logistic support of the British army. The conquest of the city would also ease pressure on Bri- tish forces in Palestine and isolate Turkish forces in Medina, opening the way for possible Arab military operations in Syria and Jordan.

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Attached is a reminder of the historical map before the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which will not be relea- sed until November 23, July 6, , the fall of Aqaba This movie is considered one of the masterpieces of cinema: It is also particularly ranked in the Top of the American Film Institute, where he is in seventh place. David Mac Lean The main actors: July 6, , the fall of Aqaba The Lawrence-Allenby meeting, the favorite scenes of moviegoers who remain attached to the glorious hours of T.

The following photos are from a sequence of David Lean's film masterpiece Between 1: Reminder of premises of the Arab Revolt Source: At a conference of Arab leaders in Damascus in May , he was recognized as the spokesman of the entire Arab nation as such he is frequently considered the founder of pan-Arabism. He proclaimed the independence of the Hijaz or Hedjaz in It was his son, Hussein Ben Ali, who led most of the fighting leading to the capture of Damascus by the Arabs. The ephemeral Kingdom of Hejaz was born then, with Mecca as capital, and Hussein, on June 27, , proclaimed himself king.

Location of the Kingdom of Hejaz in green. The red border corresponds to the present-day region of Hed- jaz in Saudi Arabia. Reminder of premises of the Arab Revolt Mecca Photo from the following video: Place of birth, according to the Islamic tradition, of the prophet of Islam Mohammed at the end of the 6th century, it shelters the Kaaba in the heart of the mosque Masjid Al-Haram "The Holy Mosque" and the Moslem tradition has linked its foundation to Ibrahim Abraham , making it the holiest holy city of Islam.

Access is forbidden to non-Muslim people as well as to single women, even Muslim women. I was still with him with Allenby when a message from Chetwode told him about the fall of Jerusalem. Allenby prepared to make his en- trance there with the official pomp that had been drawn by the universal imagination of Marc Sykes. The General was good enough though I was not for nothing in this victory to allow Clayton to take me to him that day as a staff officer.

The officers personally attached to the Gene- ral searched for their wardrobes and, through their care, I ended up resembling a Major of the British Army. Dalmeny lent me the red insignia of the collar, Evans the braided cap: A stick under his right arm, General Edmund Allenby made his entry on foot in Jerusalem.

The "Bloody Bull", fol- lowed by his officers, including Thomas Edward Lawrence in captain's attire, joins the Tower of David where Hussein al- Husseini, the mayor of the city and member of one of the most prestigious Arab families from Jerusalem, must hand him the keys of the Holy City. They concluded in sharing agreements between France and Great Britain in total contradiction with the promises made to the Sherif of Mecca. General Allenby often spoke with Thomas Lawrence, who fought alongside the Bedouins of Prince Faisal, one of the sons of the Hashe- mite ruler. To thwart the Sykes-Picot agreements, Lawrence of Arabia, as he has been called since the capture of Aqaba, intends to liberate Damascus with the prince and put the al- lies before the fait accompli.

A project that General Allenby is ready to support. Jerusalem, was a city horribly dirty, considered holy by all the Semitic religions. Christians and Mahometans came on pilgrimage to the relics of his past; some Jews saw in it the political future of their race. These united powers of the past and the future were so strong that the city had almost no present. Its inhabitants, with a few rare exceptions, were as devoid of character as hotel valets, and lived on the influx of visitors.

The ideal of Arab nationalism was quite alien to them; yet the familiar spectacle of Christian dissension at the time of the most intense emotion had led the various classes of Jerusalem to despise us all. In Syria, the winter can be icy, especially at altitude. The period from November to March is the rainy season, sometimes torrential, and the wind is penetrating cold. General Allenby wants to avoid Napoleon's mistake in Russia: It is because the bureaucrats of the British army have forgotten that it can be very cold in the East, and the light clothes of the soldiers of his Majesty do not allow to face the rigor of the climate.

Once more, as in all wars, the stewardship does not follow The Indian sepoys fear the cold even more than the English. Continuing operations after the capture of Je- rusalem would have been suicidal. The Post-Aqaba Late and February Lawrence meets journalist Lowell Thomas who will contribute to his legend. Lawrence meets journalist Lowell Thomas who will contribute to his legend Lowell Thomas - is a radio host, explorer and Ame- rican writer.

The Post-Aqaba From: It was feared that, given the good chance La- wrence might die, his unique knowledge of working with the Arab forces would be lost forever. So Lawrence, in the midst of the guerrilla campaign that followed Aqaba, somewhat grumpily began typing his 27 Articles in the heat of the desert sun.

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A brilliant mixture of political, military and psychological analysis 27 articles offers nothing less than a revolutionary new way for Western nation builders tp look at the rest of the world. Il was a century ahead of its time Lawrence realized that in his particular case he could not win without the political support of the local Arab population in western Arabia and Greater Syria — but with their support, he could not lose.

Disguise is not abvisable. Except in special areas, let it be clearly known that you are a British officer and a Christian. At the same time, if you can wear Arab kit when with the tribes, you will acquire their trust and intimacy to a degree impossible in uniform. It is however, dangerous and difficult. Leave your English friends and customs on the coast and fall back on Arab habits entirely.

It is possible, starting thus level with them, for the European to beat the Arabs at their own game, for we have stronger motives for our action, and put more heart into it than they. If you can surpass them, you have taken an immense stride toward complete success, but the strain of living and thinking in a foreign language, the savage food, strange clothes, and stranger ways, with complete loss of privacy and quiet, and the impossibility and half understood, wild food, strange clothes, and strange ways, with the loss complete intimacy and calm, and the impossibility of ever relaxing your watchful imitation of the others for months, provide such an added stress to the ordinary difficulties of dealing with the Bedu, the climate, and the Turks, that this road should not be chosen without serious thought.

In fact, Faisal came to be vexed on the rare subsequent occasion when Lawrence appeared in regulation British khaki, as if this meant he was breaking faith with the honorary tribal membership the Arabs had bestowed on him. The Post-Aqaba http: Translated into French in The literary Figaro publishes them. Turks in Palestine in The Post-Aqaba This is the time when General Allenby will be able to charge Je- rusalem and he would like to be accompanied by Lawrence.

And this will be the case: Yet Lawrence did not change his goal: Then he multiplies the actions in the desert and the knot of tracks of Deraa tries it particularly. The Turks are strongly im- planted there and before possibly attacking this knot of railroads See next map , which would disorganize the Turkish defense, he decides to go there alone again as he went to Damascus.

So, he wears rags, night trip and a day at dawn enters the city of Deraa, sees the station, looks at the railways The Post-Aqaba 20 and 21 November He told a few people that this humiliation had changed the meaning of his life and this is an authentic real thing. From left to right and from top to bottom, the appa- rently homosexual Turkish of- ficer is attracted to Lawrence whom he dares to stroke. The Englishman responded with a sharp blow in the belly of the Turk.

The whip, followed by rape, which we guess, ends this scene from David Lean's mo- vie. He reports that he was captured — though not identified — beaten and raped before escaping. This included the notion that the Turks would have persisted in believing that this fair-skinned, blue- eyed man they had arrested was some unimportant Arab they might abuse and then impress into their army. Could Lawrence, as the historian David Fromkin suggests, have made it up in order explain whip marks from a voluntary session of sadoma- sochism?

The Post-Aqaba After regaining his balance, the rape of Deraa has greatly disturbed him, he continues to fight the Turks. And he particularly aims at railway convoys. With allies, Arabs, French, Muslims from North Africa, Indians and Australians, all these troops some of which are equipped with motor vehicles and armored, Lawrence participates in the battle of Tafila One approaches Damascus, the city he has always wanted to conquer and this victory is such that he receives the DSO Distinguished Service Order see photo at the bottom of the follo- wing page On March 12, , he will be appointed to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.

Lawrence arrives, not on his camel but in a Rolls. Lawrence and the driver, Corporal J. McKechnie, enter Damascus Oct. Lawrence in the company of Faisal, to whom he intended the crown of Syria, is a true consecration for this Englishman. Both are warmly welcomed. Damascus, the city that Lawrence has always considered his main goal is reached. And it is in Damascus that Lawrence says to himself: And this wish ended in a meeting between Allenby, Faisal and Lawrence.

It was quite unknown what had happened two years earlier when secret agreements were signed on May 16, , between France and the United Kingdom3 with the endorsement of the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Italy , foreseeing the sharing of the Middle East. These were the Sykes-Picot chords. And history claims that Lawrence knew them, but he pretended to disregard them.

This was the case when Faisal told him about it: And now General Allenby, arrived at Damascus, was going to have to tell the whole truth to Faisal: And Allenby replied, "Lebanon is also to the French. And Lawrence contented himself with denying, obviously not wanting to lose face with Faisal.

This episode was fundamental and put Lawrence in such a state of depression that he asked Allenby for permission and he went to England. And as if to add to his disappointment, November 2, , the British Foreign Secretary Lord Balfour had published an open letter in the Times that was not forgotten during the pourpalers: JPG There is still enough strength and courage to T.

Lawrence to recover what can be, because we are approaching peace negotiations that will take place in Paris on January 18, , three months after entry into Damascus. Since he is in England, he will fight diploma- tically for his promise to the Arabs to be honored. Among other things, he wants the French to be pushed out of the countries granted to them by the agreements. It is well known that Lawrence has no affinity for the French. It is even said that he speaks of them as if they were enemies. Then he is called to the British Council, he will be at the Peace Conference.

It is addressed to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild , emi- nence of the British Jewish and financial community of the Zionist movement, for the purposes of retransmission. His Majesty's Government is favorably considering the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for Jews and will make every effort to facilitate the attainment of this goal, with the clear understanding that nothing will be done that may affect either the civil rights and religious non-Jewish communities existing in Palestine, the rights and political status that Jews in any other country.

I would be obliged to bring this statement to the attention of the Zionist Federation This declaration is considered one of the first steps in the creation of the State of Israel. Peace Conference, January 22, Armistice: The infernal butchery has ended leaving Peace Conference, January 22, Photo taken in December one month before the conference on the ship H. Orion with Lawrence and Faisal who went to Scotland. These four 1st class battleships were assigned to the 2 Wing Ba-size Home Fleet. They were based at Scapa Flow. The Orion class was the first class of super-dreadnought battleships built in the United Kingdom prior to the First World War to serve in the Royal Navy.

Peace Conference, January 22, The Paris Peace Conference of is an international conference organized by the victors of the First World War to negotiate peace treaties between the Allies and the vanquished. The conference begins on January 18, and ends in August , with some interruptions in the meantime. From left to right: La- wrence, Faisal's slave, Captain Hassan Khadri. Peace Conference, January 22, Source: From French to English: This attribution was, in fact, a sharing of gains between imperialists, who ca- red little for the pretensions of Arab nationalism.

While Faisal was in Europe, and was busy trying to defend the Arab interests against the French determination, abandoned by his British al-linked, his po- wer in Syria had weakened. France's policy in favor of the creation of a great Lebanon, as well as its desire to control the whole of Syria, made the confrontation with Faisal inevitable in the long run.

From October 8, , the situation is deteriorating in Syria, and the radical nationalists decide the general mobilization. On March 8, , the Arab Con- gress in Damascus unilaterally proclaimed the independence and creation of a Syrian Arab kingdom within its natural borders, including Palestine, and Fai- sal as King of Syria.

But in April , the San Remo conference in Italy, confirming the amended Sykes-Picot agreements petroleum agreements , gives France the mandates over Lebanon and Syria, to England the mandates over the Palestine, sou- thern Syria Transjordan and Iraq. The tension is at its peak in Syria and Lebanon. On July 14, , General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal. July 24, , the French column commanded by General Goybet walks on Damascus. The French troops make their entry in Damascus July 25, It is the col- lapse of the ephemeral Arab kingdom and the beginning of the French man- On the right, General Goybet who entered Damas on the date on Syria that will last a quarter century.

Peace Conference, January 22, And when Lawrence returns from this Peace Conference, he writes his main work "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" And yet this book, he will not publish it during his lifetime, except his edition numbered to a few copies. Lowell Thomas, who has become one of America's most famous journalists, turns Lawrence's story into a multimedia show, seen after the war by more than four million people. Thomas's show helps create the legend of "Lawrence of Arabia. Lowell Thomas in - https: This college is known for its architectural beauty, embellis- hed with a solar clock that is a marvel.

But, no doubt, his regular godfather, Hogarth, has something to do with it. The substantial financial benefits of this honor were to allow Lawrence to move to Oxford and quietly finish wri- ting "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. My translation from French to English: For the moment, Lawrence has returned to his dear studies. He divides his time between the family home, the library and the flat in which, as a Fellow, he is now entitled to Oxford. He is said again depressed, but how to know with him? He is recovering from four or six years of exhausting physical and mental activity, of what he considers a failure at the Paris conference and, of course, of his father's death.

So he dreams, thinks and writes. His book is well advanced, and he begins to see the end. A few rare friends, like David Hogarth and Alan Dawnay, will have the privilege of reading this first draft, and it is precisely by returning from this one that he forgets, in Reading Station, the briefcase containing the precious manuscript who asked him so much effort.

He will never get it back. The blow is severe but, as of December 2, Lawrence goes back to work and, taking up everything in the first line, rewrote his book from memory. This time, he isolates himself at Westminster 14, Barton Street , near the parliament, in a kind of attic put at his disposal by an architect met in Oxford, Herbert Baker Eating little, sleeping little, bathing public baths, Lawrence writes and, in a few weeks, this second version of a book that is still almost eight hundred pages.

Lawrence at Reading Station and the stealing of his manuscript, Edgar P. He has no other solution than to fall back to Arabia. In , Churchill asked for some advice.

Lawrence asks that Iraq become a Kingdom for Faisal. And he is heard. Lawrence asks that Transjordan become a kingdom for Abdallah. And as for Faisal, his advice are followed. He does not just ask kings, he also wants to meet them in order they accept and sign Hussein a treaty that reco- gnizes these new frontiers of these new kingdoms. The country must quickly gain independence once British interests are guaranteed. The United Kingdom is lightening its military presence in favor of a tightly controlled local armed force. It mainly serves an air force in charge of policing by possible bombing and control of the air routes to India.

British military bases are protected by local auxiliary forces composed of Assyrian Christians. Faisal's candidacy is welcomed by the South Shiite notables, and after a mock popular consul- tation, Faisal is elected king and crowned on 23 August. Lawrence concluded that Churchill had "de-mixed" the situation and that Britain had fulfilled "its promises in the letter and in the spirit The Husseins, also known as Hashemites and unrelated to Saddam, are des- cended from the prophet Mohammed and held the position of Sharif of Mecca. They are key characters in the film Lawrence of Arabia and the book about the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans on which it is based, Seven Pillars of Wisdom - al- though Catherwood says the historical details of both are quite wrong and based largely on the fantasies of T.

Call it arrogance, perhaps: Churchill had never actually visited what was then cal- led Mesopotamia when he arbitrarily drew up the borders for a new land called Iraq, doing so in Egypt, although he did visit Jerusalem. The Cairo Conference, March to December http: Three nations - for Shia, Sunni and Kurds - could have been created at a time when Arab nationalism was rising, and such an idea might have been popular. Or the Brits could have simply let those tribal lands revert to their traditional ways.

But that is not the way of empires, and today the Iraqis - and Americans - are paying for it. Oil was not yet an issue for the Brits - Iraqi oil was still just speculation in - but they had their own economic self-interest here. And Churchill, Catherwood shows again and again, was chiefly interested in saving the British Empire money - call it empire on the cheap.

61C. Illustrated Biography of T.E. Lawrence and his Colleague, Gertrude Bell

Thus it was that troop levels were always an issue, with British generals saying that far more troops were necessary to stabilize Iraq than Churchill and politicians in London wanted to hear. Eric Shinseki if that sounds familiar.

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Faisal would turn out to be a terrible choice for reasons greater than his religion. He was simply not a good ruler, his administration disorganized at best. That said, as Catherwood points out, the British presence that lasted until never allowed Faisal any true legitimacy in the eyes of the Iraqi people. He died in , succeeded by the young playboy King Ghazi.

The bloody Baathist overthrow of ended the Hashemite monarchy, and especially after Saddam Hussein seized power in would show that only an iron-fisted dictator could hold a country of such disparate parts together. Samuel converse with Mr and Mrs Churchill. Emir Abdullah from Transjordan and his officers are on the porch. From left to right, the Emir's Colonels, Mrs. Lawrence is in the middle of the second row. We recognize Gertrude Bell, second from left in second row: Lawrence was waiting for us at the station; we spun in my room and discussed while an hour. Then Sir Jeffrey Archer is here, a friendly man with his two lovely cubs that he will put in the zoo Ja'far Pasha, Minister of Defense and Sassoon Eskell, Mi- nister of Finance, from a large Jewish family in Baghdad were very flattered to be invited.

It is a master stroke to include them, it will give the Conference an overview of the reality of the Arab Government; after all, one must decide their fate, why should not they? This photograph, taken at these meetings, shows Colonel T. Lawrence, Samuel, and Amir Abdullah. Lawrence at Amman in My translation from French to English: This photograph, taken at these meetings, shows Colo- nel T. The photograph was taken by the photo department of the American colony of Jerusalem, a Utopian Christian community that was created in and developed in the following years substantial archives on the Middle East.

It is part of an album in the papers of John D. Whiting, a member of the American colony of Jerusalem, in the collections of the Library of Con- gress. In tribute to Gertrude Bell du 6 avril http: Bell was his equal in every sense: In her day, she was arguably the most powerful woman in the British Empire - central to the deci- sions that created the modern Middle East and reverberate still on the nightly news. However, while Lawrence is still celebrated, she has largely been forgotten.

Another point in common with TE Lawrence, she combines extreme physical courage with a great fragility sentimental and like him, she has a tragic end: Inspired by his magnificent correspondence whose letters exchanged with his lover , largely preserved and never translated into French, the book paints a moving por- trait of a great lady of adventure. She's left with only 4 years to live.

His father sends him to Tehran, where his uncle is stationed at the embassy. She falls in love with Henry Cadogan, a young diplomat in charge of introducing him to Persia. With him, she studied Farsi to read Persian poets in the text. Gertrude's father refuses their marriage because Cadogan is an inveterate player, and he will commit suicide. Fascinated by the desert, Gertrude returns to the Middle East, then part of the Ottoman Empire, and decides to devote her time to conducting archaeological research and studying the Bedouins. The British representatives on the spot do not at first see it very favorably, because they fear that Gertrude Bell's activities will disturb their relations with the Ottoman authorities and will not thwart their imperialist projects in the region.

For many years, Gertrude Bell traveled across the region, developing contacts with the various tribes and an in-depth knowledge of the local political situation. Her knowledge makes her very valuable to the British authorities, who give her a political advisor position. It becomes very influential, and will play a major role in the reconfiguration of the Middle East after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

In tribute to Gertrude Bell This photo and the following ones on Babylon and Bagh- dad are extracted from the video of which here is the link: In tribute to Gertrude Bell Babylon https: From , she participated in archaeological research campaigns on several sites along the Euphrates. In tribute to Gertrude Bell https: She directs the excavations and examines the finds. In spite of the Eu- ropean opposition, she insists that the treasures uncovered remain in their country of origin, thus ensuring that her museum would consti- tute a collection of local antiquities.

It officially opens its doors in June It will later become the National Museum of Iraq. After her death, thanks to her will, the British Archeology School of Iraq will be created. Gertrude Bell and T. In tribute to Gertrude Bell She died in Baghdad in and rests in a forgotten cemetery in the capital. Photo taken on April 30, She had been through lawless lands, held at gunpoint by robbers, taken prisoner in a city that no Wester- ner had seen for 20 years.

It was a hundred years ago, a few months before the outbreak of World War I. Baghdad was under a regime loyal to the Ottoman Turks. The Turkish authorities in Constantinople had reluctantly given the persistent woman permission to embark on her desert odys- sey, believing her to be an archaeologist and Arab scholar, as well as being a species of lunatic English explorer that they had seen before.

She was, in fact, a spy and her British masters had told her that if she got into trouble they would disclaim responsibility for her. Less than 10 years later Gertrude Bell would be back in Baghdad, having rigged an election, installed a king loyal to the British, re-organized the government, and fixed the borders on the map of a new Iraq.

As much as anyone can be, Gertrude Bell could be said to have devised the country that nobody can make work as a country for very long—no more so than now. In tribute to Gertrude Bell For decades, beginning in the midth century, the Orientalists had explored the desert and found there the ruins of the great powers of the ancient world—Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia. They wondered why such resplendently rich and deeply embedded pre-Christian urbanized cultures ended up buried by the drifting sands of the desert, completely unknown and ignored by the roaming Arab, Turkish and Persian tribes above.

The many glories of Babylon, for example, lay unexplored not far from the boundaries of Baghdad. Among the explorers, a state of mind developed that was patronizing and paternalistic. If they had not made these discoveries, who would know of these great cities? If Arabs took the artifacts it would be, to these men, mindless looting; if the Western scholars shipped them home, often in vast consignments, it was to preserve them for posterity.

The Ottomans had managed Arabia through a decentralized system of provinces called valyets, run by governors they appointed. Tribal, sectarian and territorial conflicts made it a constantly turbulent place, despite the hammer of Ottoman rule. Under a more centralized system the place would have been ungovernable.

But the Turks never entertained the Western idea of nation building, it was as much as they could do to keep even a semblance of order. The Orientalists thought differently. The Western idea of nation building was the future of Arabia. As World War I drew to its end and the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the Orientalists saw an opportunity to bring modern coherence to the desert by imposing new king- doms of their own devising, as long as the kings would be compliant with the strategic interests of the British Empire. Into this coterie of schemers came two mavericks, both scholars, both fluent Arab speakers, both small in stature and psychologically fragile, both capable of extraordinary feats of desert exploration—a young man called T.

Lawrence and Gertrude Bell, a more sea- soned connoisseur of the desert life. Both had been recruited before World War I to gather intelligence on the Ottomans. Both were hard to accommodate within a normal military and diplomatic machine and so ended up working for a clandestine outfit in Cairo called the Arab Bureau, which was more aware of their singular gifts and more tolerant of their habits. Her objective had been a city called Hail that no European had reached since Under the cover of archaeological research, her real purpose was to assess the strength of a murderous family called the al Rashids, whose capital Hail was.

In tribute to Gertrude Bell But as a woman, Bell enjoyed an advantage over male colleagues that she was to deploy on many missions: From this she was able to see what her British minders valued: The Rashids released her, and she went on to Baghdad, Damascus, and home to London.

It was inside knowledge like this that put Bell in an influential position when the war ended and the European powers decided how they would carve up Arabia. Lawrence had committed himself to the princes of the Hashemite tribe, notably Faisal, with whom he had fought against the Turks, and promised Damascus to them.

But unknown to Lawrence, a secret deal had been cut with the French, who wanted control of the eastern Mediterranean and were to get Damascus while Britain would fill the vacuum left by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by re-drawing the map of Arabia. The British were more aware than the French of the importance that oil would assume. Syria, the new French subject state, was unpromising as an oil prospect. The first Middle Eastern oil field began pumping in Persia at the head of the Persian Gulf in , under British control, and geologists suspected, rightly, that vast oil reserves lay untapped in both Persia and Iraq.

While Lawrence left the Paris Peace Conference in stricken by the guilt for a British betrayal of his Arabs to which he had not been a party, Bell was sent to Baghdad, where Faisal was to be given his consolation prize: As well as the prospect of huge oil reserves, this new Iraq was crucial to the lines of communication to the great jewel of the British Empire, India. And, ostensibly, it was the diplomats and generals of the Indian administration who ran the show in Baghdad.

But they depended on Bell as an expert and a negotiator, fluent in Arabic and used to the schisms and vendettas of the region. On August 23, , at a ceremony in central Baghdad, Faisal was installed as the monarch of Iraq, even though he had no tribal roots in the country to assist his legitimacy. And she made a claim about this election that would be echoed decades later by Saddam Hussein, that Faisal had been endorsed by 96 percent of the people, even though he was the only candidate and the majority of the population was illiterate.

Indeed, Bell was so carried away with her confidence in the nation she had helped to create that she crowed: In tribute to Gertrude Bell In reality, the Iraqi borders had been arbitrarily drawn and disregarded 2, years of tribal, sectarian, and nomadic occupation. The Persian frontier was the only firmly delineated border, asserted by mountains. Beyond Baghdad the line drawn between Syria, now the property of France, and Iraq was more cartography than anthropology. Lawrence, in fact, had protested that the inclusion of the Kurds was a mistake.

Iraq was a Western construct that defied thousands of years of history, with an alien, puppet king who would not long survive and internal forces that were centrifugal rather than coherent. For a while, Bell was the popular and admired face of the British contingent in Baghdad. She went riding and swim- ming every day, somewhat diminishing the benefits of that by chain smoking in public. She also made no secret of the fact that she was an atheist.

It seemed that she was more comfortable in the company of Arabs than she had been among her peers in Cairo. In , she wrote to her father: I am aware that I myself have much less control over my own emotions than I used to have. She described her routine in a letter: All that grows now is a beautiful double jasmine of which I have bowls full every day, and zinnias, ugly and useful. I breakfast at 6: In tribute to Gertrude Bell gathered a priceless collection of treasures from the world of antiquity—reminding herself and the Iraqi people how the earliest urban civilizations had flourished around the Tigris and Euphrates.

There were, though, other loves that belied the appearance of a desiccated, workaholic spinster. She lived with the memories of two passionate romances, both thwarted. At the age of 24 she became engaged to a young diplomat but her rich industrialist father deemed it an unsuitable match and, in the compliant Victorian manner, she ended it. Her second affair was far deeper, tragic and, in its effects, everlasting. She fell in love with Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, a soldier with a record of derring-do with appropriate movie star looks.

But Doughty-Wylie was mar- ried, and as long as the war occupied them both neither could see a way out. Bell was, however, completely besotted: You, and you, and you are between me and any rest; but out of your arms there is no rest. Life, you called me, and fire. I flame and I am consumed. I have often loved women as a man like me does love them, well and badly, little and much, as the blood took me…or simply for the adventure—to see what happened.

But that is all behind me. Bell died at her house by the Tigris in Baghdad in July at the age of She had taken an overdose of barbiturates, whether deliberately or accidentally it was impossible to tell. Lawrence by then was a recluse, in flight from the road show devised by the American journalist Lowell Thomas that had turned him, as Lawrence of Arabia, into the most famous man on Earth.

But it was Gertrude Bell, who was never a public figure, who had left the greater mark on the Middle East, for better or worse. King Faisal, who had been ailing for some time, died in Switzerland in , at the age of 48, to be succeeded by his son Prince Ghazi. And it is at the moment of his celebrity that he decides to give it up It was also at that time that he decided to work in the Royal Air Force as a "Second Class" and that he would change his name to Ross.

Changing your name is not easy, and more than today, a similar approach requires recommendations. And he says to himself that the advancing age and the health deteriorating, he would not be accepted. In his chamber, no one knows that this fellow is actually a Lieutenant- Colonel of the Near East Army.

He lived in fact the same life as the engaged at that time in England. And Lawrence seems to appreciate that life where he splits his time between potato chores and brooms After what he's been through and what he's become, he could have got a rewarding job somewhere in the empire British. And no, he chose to be Second Class. Of course, he was asked why he was doing this. And the answer he gave was rather a confession: I accomplished this task, now I do what I like.

Lawrence On the left, the second class T. Ross, and later T. Now there is another young man, a certain Bruce, whose main role was to scourge Lawrence. Did Lawrence want to be punished for an action or an omission? Was it Dahoum's death? Or maybe some thoughts here and there: Later, when asked why he had enlisted in the ranks, he replied that he wanted to do penance for such a rich life.

His book The Mint chronicles his stay at Uxbridge. They possibly offer new evidence for his account, which is disputed, of being beaten and raped when captured by the Turks in ; however, some could be the result of beatings he paid a soldier to administer while in the Tank Corps after the war.

Someone, indeed, sold the wick himself perhaps because Lawrence is often very naive in his dealings with editors. And the information is published on the front page of the Daily Express on December The next day, all Fleet Street is on the teeth.

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Private Ross lived only a few weeks. Embarrassed, Hugh Trenchard has no choice but to put an end to his protege's engagement, because this revelation puts Lawrence's superiors in Farnborough on the line. How could they continue to give orders to the famous Colonel Lawrence? He will remain more than two years in the Royal Tank Corps. Exit Private Ross, who is now called T. Does he choose this surname by deference for Bernard Shaw?

No, because he was not one of his relatives then. It was chance, in this case, decided. He made it habitable with the help of a friend.