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These losses were made good at the Restoration, and the 2nd Marquess took up residence at Mugdock Castle, which he enlarged and improved; his son, however, purchased the barony of Buchanan in and this eventually became the principal seat of the family. By this time the Grahams were the largest landholders in the western part of the county, filling the place that had been occupied in mediaeval times by the Earls of Lennox; as we have seen, the pre-eminence of the house of Montrose was shown by the purchase of the remaining Lennox estates and superiorities in Stirlingshire by James, the 4th Marquess, in The 2nd Duke of Montrose increased his possessions about Buchanan, laying out the grounds there and adding to the house.

Buchanan remained the principal family seat in Stirlingshire until the present century, Buchanan Old House No. The first member of the family of whom there is definite record appears to have been Alan de Buchanan, who is mentioned in ; Maurice of Buchanan had a charter of the lands of Buchanan and Sallochy from the Earl of Lennox early in the 14th century, and this property, together with Auchmar, formed the basis of the family's holding within the county.

The Buchanans continued in possession of their estates for about four centuries, but on the death of John Buchanan of that Ilk they passed by purchase, as has been said, to James, 3rd Marquess of Montrose. Of the many other branches of the family, perhaps the most notable was that of Drumakill, the founder of which, Thomas Buchanan, was in possession of Drumakill and of part of the lands of Gartincaber, Lettre and Carbeth at the end of the 15th century. George Buchanan, the historian, who was born in , was of this line of the family, being a younger son of Thomas Buchanan, 3rd of Drumakill.

In , William Buchanan, 11th of Drumakill, sold the estate to his nephew, buying in its place the neighbouring property of Craigivairn, which remained with the Buchanans until the beginning of the 19th century. Another old-established family in the west of Stirlingshire is that of Edmonstone of Duntreath. The family maintained its position until about the end of the 16th century, when it declined some- what in prosperity; advantage was therefore taken of the Plantation of Ulster to acquire the estate of Broadisland in Co.

Antrim, where William Edmonstone of Duntreath settled in Meanwhile the barony of Dun- treath had been mortgaged to Sir William Livingstone of Kilsyth in , largely to raise money for the purchase of the Irish properties; the greater part of the family estates in Stirlingshire, however, were redeemed by Archibald Edmonstone in Sir Archibald Edmonstone, 1st Baronet, who sold the remains of the Irish property, purchased the estate of Kilsyth in and took up residence at Colzium cf. Duntreath Castle, which had been allowed to fall into decay during the 18th century, was restored by Sir Archibald Edmonstone, 3rd Baronet, in and has since been the principal residence of the family cf.

The most powerful family in eastern Stirlingshire was that of Livingstone, the senior branch of which was Livingstone of Callendar. In William further acquired the lands of Kilsyth, which he was granted by Royal charter; this property did not remain with the senior branch of the family, however, but passed at the beginning of the 15th century to William Livingstone, the founder of the house of Kilsyth.

Sir Alexander Livingstone, who played an important part in national affairs during the minority of James II, was forfeited in , but the family regained its estates a few years later, and in James Livingstone was created a peer with the title of Lord Livingstone of Callendar.

In the family estates were erected into the barony of Callender; the Stirlingshire property included the lands of Callendar, Airth, Slamannan Moor, Kilsyth, Polmaise and Livilands. Alexander, 7th Lord Livingstone, who stood high in the favour of James VI, was created Earl of Linlithgow in ; his youngest son, James, a soldier of distinction, was created Lord Livingstone of Almond in and Earl of Callendar in A large proportion of the Livingstone estates in Stirlingshire, including the baronies of Callendar and Falkirk, passed to this branch of the family, and it was no doubt the Earls of Callendar who extended Callendar House No.

The titles of Linlithgow and Callendar were united in when James, 4th Earl of Callendar, succeeded his uncle, the 4th Earl of Linlithgow; but both estates and titles were forfeited after the rebellion, in which the family supported the Pretender. In the family's estates in Stirlingshire and Berwickshire were incorporated into the barony of Wester Kilsyth, while Easter Kilsyth, which had previously remained with the senior branch of the family, was granted to Sir William Livingstone by Alexander, 1st Earl of Linlithgow, early in the 17th century.

During the same period the family also increased its Stirlingshire estates by the acquisition of the barony of Herbertshire, the lands of Kincaid and Birdston and the temporary possession of the barony of Duntreath. GENERAL Viscount of Kilsyth and Lord Campsie; during the rebellion, however, the Livingstones of Kilsyth followed the senior branch of the family in supporting the cause of the Pretender, and their estates and titles were subsequently forfeited. Other branches of the family in Stirlingshire included the Livingstones of Haining cf.

Another family of note in eastern Stirlingshire was that of Bruce, the senior branch of which was Bruce of Airth. The family seems at first to have been styled indifferently "of Stenhouse" and "of Airth" and it is uncertain which of these two estates formed their principal seat. In the second half of the 16th century Sir Alexander Bruce alienated a considerable amount of family property, while his grandson John sold the remainder of the estate to the Earl of Linlithgow before ; Stenhouse, however, passed to John's brother William in Airth was regained in the middle of the 17th century.

He built the mansion of Stenhouse No. At the end of the 16th century, however, Edward Bruce, 3rd of Kinnaird, being in embarrassed circumstances, sold the property to Sir Alexander Bruce of Airth, who granted it to his second son, Robert, the founder of the second family of Kinnaird. Robert Bruce became a minister of the Reformed Church and played an important part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his time.

On the death of Alexander Bruce in , without male heirs, the estate passed to his daughter Helen, from whom was descended James Bruce of Kinnaird, the Abyssinian traveller. Among the other branches of the Bruce family in Stirling- shire were those of Auchenbowie No. Following the death of Alexander Elphinstone in , however, a dispute arose as to the succession, and the family estates were eventually divided, those in East Lothian going to Agnes Elphinstone, the ancestress of the Johnstones of Elphinstone, while the Stirlingshire property fell to Henry Elphinstone, Sir Alexander's brother.

In the early 16th century, Alexander Elphinstone, besides greatly extending the family estates by the acquisition of lands in Aberdeenshire, also increased 1 Armstrong, W. Bruce, The Bruces of Airth and their Cadets, 12 ff. During the 16th century the family built a castle on their Elphinstone estate cf. By the middle of the 17th century, however, the financial position of the family had become unstable and the estate began to break up, parts of the lands of Airth being sold to Captain Alexander Bruce, who was seeking at that time to retrieve the fortunes of the Bruces of Airth.

At the end of the 17th century the barony of Elphinstone was sold to a cadet of the family, Richard Elphinstone of Calderhall; Charles, 9th Lord Elphinstone, managed to regain part of the property, but soon after the middle of the 18th century the lands and barony of Elphinstone were acquired by the Earl of Dunmore, whose name they now bear. Apart from a short period in the 18th century when the property passed to another branch of the Stirlings, Craigbarnet remained in the direct line of the family until the death of John Stirling, 9th of Craigbarnet, in Sir John Stirling, 2nd of Craigbarnet, had acquired the lands of Glorat, which lie about four miles east of Craigbarnet, in , and these were almost immediately granted to his son William, the founder of the house of Glorat.

George Stirling, 8th of Glorat, was created a baronet in , and the family has retained its Stirlingshire estates up to the present day. Before this the lands of Garden were in the possession of the Forrester Forestar family. James Stirling, a younger son of Archibald Stirling, 3rd of Garden, was an eminent mathematician; he also played an important part in the development, in the middle of the 18th century, of the Scots Mining Company at Leadhills.

The family also possessed the estate of Steuarthall No. Another branch of this family in Stirlingshire is that of Stirling of Muiravonside cf. Elizabeth's share of the Lennox estates included the lands of Gartness, Dalnair, Blairour, Gartocharn, Ballochairn and Edinbelly, all of which were incorporated in the barony of Edinbelly Napier in The most celebrated member of the family was John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, who was born in After completing his studies he settled at Gartness and devoted himself to the study of mathematics and the Scriptures; his Description of the marvellous Canon of Logarithms was published in John Napier's eldest son 1 Fraser, W.

This line continued in possession of Culcreuch until the end of the 18th century. Many other families, which cannot be discussed in detail here, were Stirlingshire land- holders to a greater or lesser extent; a brief account of most of these families is given in the text. Such were the Galbraiths of Balgair cf. The geographical factors that contributed to the development of the Castle cf. Little information is available as to the nature or extent of the trade carried on in Stirling in early mediaeval times.

In the 17th century, at least, it is said that "the shallownesse of the river, with the windeings thereof, makeing the way long, and not permitting a boat of burthen to passe up soe high, all goods are entred first and cleered belowe at Burrostonesse [Bo'ness], and thence afterward carryed up in small boates, as the merchant hath occasion for them". The importance of Stirling Castle as a seat of the Court, and as an occasional meeting-place of Parliament, inevitably increased the prestige of the burgh, and encouraged the nobility and gentry to build houses within it.

From the reign of Alexander I, who died there in , the Castle served as a Royal residence from time to time cf. During the 16th century Stirling was the scene of the coronations of James V and of Mary, of the baptism and coronation of James VI, and of the birth and baptism of Prince Henry, as well as of many of the more important political events associated with these reigns. Not much is known of conditions within the burgh at this period, but the indications are that, just as the Court was most closely associated with the Castle in the late 15th and 16th centuries, so the status of the burgh was highest at this time.

After the Union of the Crowns in the Castle ceased to be a Royal residence, and in consequence the political importance of the burgh declined and it became little more than a county town with a modest reputation as a trading port. The only other burghs in Stirlingshire that are of any antiquity are those of Airth No.

Airth was erected into a Royal burgh in the reign of William the Lion, but the foundation must have been a failure as nothing is heard of the burgh in mediaeval times. In consequence, the new town of Lower Airth was founded, about the beginning of the 18th century, on a site adjacent to the harbour, while the old town, which stood on the Hill of Airth, was gradually abandoned.

In the Callendar portion was erected into a burgh of barony, and in the Earl of Linlithgow, its superior acquired some lands which included the former Holyrood portion of the town and had them erected into the barony of Falkirk. Then in the Earl of Callendar obtained a charter which erected the baronies of Callendar, Falkirk and Ogilface into a free regality, the effect of which would seem to be that the Callendar portion of the town, already a burgh of barony since , became a burgh of regality.

The town's rapid expansion as an industrial and commercial centre in the late 18th and early 19th century was emphasised by its creation as a Parliamentary burgh in Kilsyth was the last burgh of barony to be established in Scotland, its foundation dating only from the year THE MONUMENTS As more than half the total area of Stirlingshire is occupied by the inhospitable hilly regions described in Part I, I, above, human habitation has been confined, from the earliest times, to the intervening valleys or to the small plain that borders the right bank of the lower reaches of the River Forth.

Consequently, it is only in and around these restricted areas that the monuments are to be found. Many of the early monuments included in this Inventory are either recorded here for the first time or have been re-discovered from obscure or forgotten sources. For example, of the twelve hill-forts the remains of which are substantial enough to be worth planning, only three were marked on the O. Of the remaining nine, however, as many as six have at one time or another been mentioned in various works but have subsequently been lost to view.

It has, in addition, been possible to re-classify several recorded monuments in the light of recent research. Many of the new discoveries, such as the fort on Dunmore No. They were found, in every case by chance, at various depths in the clay in the valley of the River Forth. In this area pollen analysis and stratigraphical investigations have shown that the lowest layers consist of a bedrock of sandstone covered by boulder clay, on which a layer of Late Glacial marine beds deposited by an early incursion of the sea and, above this, a layer of Boreal peat.

In the lower part of the valley, as far up as a point somewhere between the Blairdrummond and Flanders Mosses, the Boreal peat is in turn overlaid by Atlantic clay, which provides an indication of the extent of the main local advance of the marine transgression of the Atlantic period that led to the formation of the Late Post-Glacial Sea. They can be classed as follows: I , Several pieces of the skeletons of whales have been found throughout the area unaccompanied by man-made relics. All the relics of the three classes referred to above are plotted on the distribution map Fig.

The latter publication states that "The earliest elm decline, which corresponds with the beginning of Neolithic husbandry, was identified palynologically This is the same age as the early Neolithic reported In addition to such monuments, the presence of these stone-using agricultural communities is further attested by widely distributed small finds. The Commissioners are indebted to the authors of this paper and to Mr. Scott for additional information which has been incorporated in Fig. Clyde-Carlingford chambered cairn, Stockie Muir No. Chambered cairn, remains of, Cameron Muir No.

Chambered cairn, approximate site of, Craigmaddie Muir No. Chambered cairn, approximate site of, Craigmaddie Muir INo. Chambered cairn, approximate site of, Strathblane No. Western Neolithic pottery find, Bantaskine. Secondary Neolithic pottery find, Mumrills. The largest of these assemblages, in the vicinity of Stirling, and the smallest, in the lower Carron valley, suggest an extension of the colonisation from the east coast by means of estuary and river highways that has been noted further to the south.

These three main concentrations indicate that in the Bronze Age the population had increased and expanded beyond the areas occupied in Neolithic times, while a thin spread of remains also appears in the upper reaches of the Rivers Forth and Carron and of the Endrick Water, and in the lower part of the valley of the River Avon. Crouched burials in cists are recorded from all these areas.

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Most of the cairns are on open cultivable ground, and may have been close to or within areas of settlement. Imprecise records exist of the discovery of numerous burials and relics of the Bronze Age in this ground, including, in addition to the Beaker, at least 5 Food Vessels, five Cinerary Urns and five cists. The exact circumstances in which four of the Food Vessels from the Cambusbarron site and one from the Touch estate were found are not recorded; the fifth from Cambusbarron, like one of the two from Camelon and the one from Glenorchard in the south-west of the county, was in a cist.

The other Food Vessel from Camelon was not in a cist. The Cinerary Urns occur in both the north-east and the south-west concentrations. A battle-axe and a large stone knife were recovered from the cairn-burial at Craigengelt No. This is a massive article of round section, with 1 Inventory of Roxburghshire, p. Among the very few bronze objects on record from Stirlingshire are the blade of a flat riveted dagger from Blochairn, a decorated flanged axe from Bannockburn and a socketed axe from Carronvale. Two Italian boat-shaped brooches Pl.

Cists were recorded as having been found at the bases of the Waterhead pair, but their contents, if any, were unfortunately not preserved. No evidence is yet available from which the date of any of the unenclosed hut-circles in Stirlingshire can be deduced with certainty, but they too are likely for the most part to be of the Bronze Age. The list that follows includes all the pottery as well as the gold and bronze objects of the Bronze Age that have been found in the county.

But in view of the likelihood that in most if not all cases these were of Bronze Age types, and in consideration of the proportion that they bear to the known specimens, they have been included on the map as "urns, type unrecorded". They include a two flat axes NMA No. DQ , , ; P. The Commissioners are indebted to Mr. The following standing stones are, however, omitted as they are either probably or certainly not of prehistoric origin: Cairn, Cuparlaw Wood No. Airthrey Castle West No. An interesting feature of their distribution Fig.

THE EARLY IRON AGE appears, therefore, to have been directed at the southern and eastern parts of the county, and inferences as to the directions from which such movements may have come can only be drawn from consideration of the positions and characteristics of the monuments concerned. Almost all of these are hill-forts and duns, the rest consisting of a settlement, homesteads, a broch and possibly some crannogs.

Among these, two structural classes can be recognised, namely the stone-built forts, mostly of the contour type, which may exhibit vitrifaction, and the rampart- and-ditch forts, which appear mainly on promontories and ridges. The first group comprises Dumyat No.

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The second group includes Gillies Hill No. DUNS The word "dun" is now commonly used to describe a type of stone structure which is distinguished by comparatively small size and a disproportionately thick wall. It is smaller than most hill-forts but seems to be built for defence in a way that the conventional farmstead or homestead is not.

Such works vary greatly in size and shape and, no doubt, in date of construction and duration and frequency of occupation. Two groups of duns occur in Stirlingshire, one in the hills around the upper reaches of the Bannock Burn and the other centred on the watershed between the River Kelvin and the Bonny Water. These small structures have proved to be convenient quarries for builders in modern times, and have suffered extensive robbing; but it has nevertheless been possible to prepare plans from the surface remains of five of the northern group, three others having proved too ruinous to be planned and one having now been completely removed.

The southern group, of seven duns, has entirely disappeared in recent times, but the record of the one at Auchinloch No. The descriptions of the others are less precise, but there can be little reasonable doubt that they belong to the same class. The dun at Craigton No. Parallels to this plan are commonly found among the small forts and duns of Argyll. That they were not the -- One, at Wheatlands No.

Mention may also be made here of the crop-mark of an enclosure at Bowhouse No. The significance of these structures and their relationship to the locality is discussed below. CRANNOGS The only crannogs in Scotland from which evidence of Early Iron Age occupation has so far been obtained are those which lie south-west of the line of the Clyde and the Nith, while those distributed over the rest of the country, many of which are in the Highlands, appear to have been occupied in mediaeval times.

It has, however, been considered advisable to mark the crannogs on the Early Iron Age distribution map Fig. The amount of available archaeological material is also slight, for though chance finds and the excavation of several monuments have produced some relics, these are few in number and for the most part undistinguished in character, and can do little more than furnish the mere proof of occupation.

It is notable that, with one exception, none of the hill-forts shows any certain signs of 1 Inventory of Roxburghshire, p. Wainwright , 66 ff. The exception is the Meikle Reive No. With the exception of the broch No. Of the forts, apart from Craigmaddie No. It is notable that there are very few forts indeed in the adjacent region to the north of this area, none in those to the south and west, and only a very few to the east in West Lothian and Clackmannanshire. In the absence of any relics from the Stirlingshire forts, the directions from which their builders came can at present be only a matter of speculation.

A similar question, of course, arises in the case of the broch No. The duns may be thought to lend some colour to these hypotheses. The evidence obtained in the excavation of Castlehill Wood dun No. If this is correct, it is likely to have been the work either of people who had come to the area before the arrival of the Romans early in the last quarter of the 1st century A. It is suggested that the occurrence of duns in Stirling- shire constitutes evidence for the consolidation of the area of Damnonian settlement up to but not across the River Forth. This conclusion would agree well enough with Ptolemy's record, while it would not conflict with the occupation of "Manau" by the Votadini at a later date supra, p.

It is therefore possible that this structure may represent an outlier from that region. Wainwright , in particular 49 ff. The discovery of a stone cup at West Plean suggests that the builders may have come from north-east Scotland and have established themselves before the arrival of the Romans in the vicinity.

The homestead at Logie No. All these structures must have been broadly contemporary with the forts and duns. There is as yet no evidence from which to deduce how long the pre-Roman Iron Age occupation of Stirlingshire lasted. Whatever the length may have been, the first Roman occupation endured only for about twenty years, and there is no evidence that it led to any wholesale eviction of natives. In parts of neighbouring British territories there is abundant evidence that peaceful native occupation continued not only throughout the gap of forty years that ensued before the arrival of the Antonine garrisons, but also also through the 2nd and into the 3rd century.

The presence of the broch at Tor Wood No. As already mentioned, it is the only structure of Early Iron Age date that represents a locally unfamiliar type. It is also remote from the sparse scatter of brochs in the western and south- western coastal and insular regions. In view of the isolated positions in which the brochs of the Tay-Forth-Tweed group are found, it seems necessary to ask by what route or routes, and why, their builders came; under what circumstances could the laborious task of constructing a broch have been prosecuted in a strange land and one which already carried a native population; and when and by whom such a broch would have been destroyed.

At first sight their distribution might suggest that their builders arrived from the sea, though the proximity of Coldoch broch to a well-known later route across the Forth mosses cf. But however this may be, their presence in small numbers in territories far away from their native localities still demands explanation. It is possible that their builders simply moved as colonists, seeking new lands for settlement, as may perhaps be suggested by the overcrowding implied by the high con- centration of brochs in the main broch-area; and in this case the absence of brochs from the 1 Inventory of Roxburghshire, p.

The first of these alternatives is perhaps the more probable, as the small number of the brochs is at variance with the idea of force. On the other hand, during the 1st and 2nd centuries A. On this showing the brochs might represent either the work of men coming south for this purpose, but deciding to stay and settle down before reaching their goal rather than to proceed towards uncertain riches and risks, or else of raiders returning with or without spoil and deciding to establish themselves in more fertile and rewarding places than those from which they originally came.

The relations of these people with the Romans is also largely a matter of conjecture.

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On general grounds it seems likely that the infiltration of the broch-builders into the Tay-Forth- Tweed area occurred at a time when the Romans were not in control of the Lowlands, especially in view of the fact that the Tor Wood broch stands in a commanding position only a stone's throw from the main Roman road to the north. If this is so, then the brochs in question could in theory have been erected prior to the Roman invasion of Scotland in A.

Thus a date between A. The following Iron Age monuments are plotted on the distribution map Fig. It is not surprising, therefore, that Stirlingshire is very rich in monuments of the Roman period cf. More than ten of the thirty-seven miles of the Antonine Wall No. Yet another fort may have been planted at the extreme western end of the county, to prevent infiltration by northern tribesmen into Strath Blane and the Kilpatrick Hills, but an intensive search in the neighbourhood of Drymen from both air and ground has so far proved negative.

Of this abundant material, however, very little is visible at the present day. Arthur's O'on was pulled down in to furnish material for repairing a mill-dam, and cultivation and industrial development during the past two hundred years have wrought havoc with the rest. Thus the only remains still traceable on the surface are several sectors of the Antonine Wall, 1 Tacitus, Agricola, For the Arthurian Legend in Scotland, see P. Nor is the time yet ripe for a fresh appraisal of the precise role played by the Antonine Wall in that occupation.

It is true that a good deal of new information has emerged since the second edition of Sir George Macdonald's classic survey, The Roman Wall in Scotland, was published in , and that in consequence some of Macdonald's conclusions are no longer tenable. Nevertheless, much more excavation is required before even the main outlines in the history of the Wall can be regarded as securely established, and in the meantime it is profitless to indulge in speculation.

In the following account of the purely local aspects of the Roman occupation of Stirlingshire, reference will, however, be made to some of the principal discoveries that have come to light on the Wall as a whole since As far as the Stirlingshire forts are concerned, the amount of 1st-century pottery found at Castlecary No. In Agricola's scheme of conquest, the Forth-Clyde line counted only as a temporary halting-place, and it might be expected that the praesidia would be less substantial than the permanent forts, one of which was established at Camelon No.

This early fort is not well known, and has been largely destroyed by industrial development, but it seems probable that it was rebuilt about A. The article in question is reprinted in the Inventory of Selkirkshire, pp. The milecastles and turrets of Hadrian's Wall were now left unmanned, and a new frontier barrier, the Antonine Wall No. The new Wall Fig. In front of it there was a broad ditch, and a short distance behind there was a road, the Military Way, which not only provided through communication across the isthmus, but also served to link together the nineteen forts, spaced at intervals of about two miles, in which the garrison was housed.

Since , air-photography and excavation have considerably advanced our knowledge of the anatomy of the Wall and its supporting works. On the other hand, no trace has so far been found on the Antonine Wall of any structure akin to the turrets of Hadrian's limes. Excavation has endorsed Macdonald's opinion that the curious turf platforms known as "expansions" Figs. Lastly, temporary camps, which were previously unknown in the vicinity of the Wall, have now been identified from the air in some numbers.

Such camps, consisting of a simple rampart and ditch, were normally constructed wherever troops were concentrated for short periods, and it has been suggested that two of the Stirlingshire examples - Little Kerse 1 P. The remaining three - Mumrills No. In common with the rest of the Wall forts, however, all of them had stone central buildings, timber-framed barracks of wattle-and-daub, and strongly defended annexes almost as large as the forts themselves.

Such annexes sometimes contained public buildings, like the bath-house at Rough Castle, but were probably mainly occupied by the dwellings of the civilians attached to the fort, and who, at Carriden at least, were accorded official status as a vicus or village community. The structure itself is of unique design, a circular stone chamber being capped by a corbelled dome. Although technically outside the frontier-line, the O'on was not unprotected, since the main road to the north was reopened in the Antonine period at least as far as the Tay crossing at Bertha, where a 2nd-century dedication to Discipline, emanating from the sacellum of the fort, has recently been found.

In Stirlingshire, a new fort, some 6 acres in extent, was built at Camelon No. As has been stated above, the history of the Antonine frontier is still obscure in many respects, the main difficulty being that whereas only two periods of occupation have been detected in Antonine forts behind the Wall, the forts on the Wall itself have been thought to exhibit three periods. Likewise the date of the final evacuation of Roman troops from Scotland has not yet been established.

All are agreed, however, that the occupation cannot have outlasted the withdrawal of troops from Britain by Clodius Albinus in , and that thereafter, apart from a few occasions where punitive expeditions may have operated in the area, Stirlingshire remained outside the sphere of direct Roman control. In a previous section it has been shown that during the Early Iron Age Stirlingshire was virtually a no-man's land, sparsely inhabited by peripheral groups of peoples from the surrounding regions.

The camp at Dalnair No. The details of the picture will not be clear until more excavation has been done on the native sites themselves, but it is reasonable to suppose that the different groups reacted in different ways to the new circumstances of the Roman occupation. At West Plean cf. In contrast, however, the dun at Castlehill Wood No. During the comparatively lengthy Antonine occupation there would be a natural tendency for the earlier distinctions between the native groups dwelling in the region of the Wall to become blurred, and for a new consciousness of unity to supervene.

A further impetus in the same direction was provided by the Severan re-organisation in the early 3rd century, which made the Lowland tribesmen responsible, under Roman supervision, for their own defence. This no doubt explains why, some two hundred years later, the district at the head of the Forth emerges as a separate geographical unit, Manau Guotodin, which is linked by name with the philo-Roman tribe of Votadini and ruled by a native dynasty whose pedigree contains names and an epithet suggestive of Roman investiture.

Isolated finds of Roman objects in Stirlingshire are few in number, and apart from a fine brass fibula found at Polmaise Pl. An inscription on Gowan Hill, Stirling No. Only one monument in Stirlingshire can be related to its early part, the fort at Dunmore No. It is impossible to say with certainty whether the outer works on Dumyat No. At Dunmore the Dark Age attribution rests on the character of a wall which is closely parallel in design to one forming part of the post-Roman fort on Rubers Law, Roxburghshire.

The site is ideal for primitive fortification, and may be compared with Din Eidyn Edinburgh , Alcud Dumbarton , Dundurn, Dunadd, or King's Seat Dunkeld; in fact, it has recently been identified with Bede'a "urbs Giudi".

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The monuments assignable to Early Christian times consist only of two cashels, Knock- inhaglish No. It is possible too, that the association of Celtic saints with some of the wells e. Kentigerna with Inchcailleach No. Machan with Campsie No. Kentigern with the Stirling district on both banks of the Forth. The only other Dark Age relic that deserves mention is a silver pin from Dunipace Pl. On the back a crude interlaced pattern has been executed partly by scratches and partly by prick-marks see Pl.

Although most examples of this type come from Ireland, two others have been found in Scotland, and since the use of silver for such ornaments is comparatively rare in 1 Inventory of Roxburghshire, No. Antiquity, xxxiii, 63 ff. For the date of this movement, the weight of most recent opinion favours the middle of the 5th century A. Typological indications suggest a date about the middle of the 9th century. At Cambus- kenneth No. The tower, which stands to the north of the church close to the west end of the nave, may be ascribed to the late 13th or early 14th century.

The church and the claustral buildings were largely demolished after the dissolution of the Abbey, but part of their foundations was exposed in the middle of the 19th century and is now laid out for inspection. Apart from the rather small size of the cloister the plan is unremarkable; the church, which consisted of a nave with a north aisle, transepts with eastern chapels, and a short presbytery, seems to have been built early in the 13th century, but there is evidence to suggest that it was altered in late mediaeval times. The church of the small Cistercian nunnery of Manuel No.

Nothing more than a fragment of the west gable of the church survives today; this dates from the late 12th or early 13th century, and its design shows that the nave originally incorporated a west Galilee. There is now no trace of the Dominican and Franciscan friaries that formerly stood within the burgh of Stirling. On the island of Inchcailleach, in Loch Lomond, there may be seen the foundations of the church No. The building, which has been tentatively dated to the late 12th or early 13th century, appears to have been a simple rectangular structure with internal measurements of about 64 ft.

Liam de Paor for a detailed report on this pin, of which the statement here given is a summary. In some respects the church was a symbol of the prosperity of Stirling in late mediaeval times, and it is perhaps not surprising that the building rivals in size the great burgh kirks of St. John, Perth, and St. About the middle of the 15th century, work was begun on the west tower and nave, the latter being of five bays with north and south aisles.

The choir, which also has north and south aisles together with a polygonal apse, was erected early in the 16th century, and there is evidence to show that the design was intended to include a second tower over the crossing. The junction between nave and choir was not completed, however, nor was the crossing-tower built. The fabric was severely mutilated in the centuries following its erection, but within recent years it has been brought to a condition which in large measure approaches the original conception of its designers.

The most interesting of the post-Reformation ecclesiastical buildings is undoubtedly the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle pp. The chapel is rectangular on plan, and the S. The original internal arrangements of the chapel are to a large extent uncertain, and the most interesting feature of the interior today is some well-preserved mural decoration of the early 17th century. Most of the later parish churches in the county were designed either as simple rectangles or on a T-plan.

Among those in the former group may be mentioned St. The North Church, Buchlyvie , No. Other T-plan churches include Logie , No. The North Church, Airth No. Among the other churches of this group may be mentioned Larbert , No. The anti-Burgher chapel in Falkirk , No. Bell-towers, which form an attractive feature of so many Scottish churches of the 17th and 18th centuries, are represented in Stirlingshire by examples at Airth , St Ninians and Bothkennar The belfry at Airth No.

Post-Reformation Churches, ff. In contrast to the simplicity and conservatism of design exemplified at Airth and Bothkennar, the elegant steeple at St. The oldest graveyard-monuments found in the county are the hog-backed stones - one complete and one fragmentary - at Logie p. They are not of the earliest type, and may date from the 11th or 12th century. These last probably come down to the 14th century.

Other mediaeval pieces, apart from the effigies infra , are a wheel-cross headstone at St. Effigies occur at Airth, where there is a female figure, probably of 14th-century date pp. There is also a fragment of a 15th-century effigy at Cambuskenneth p. After the Reformation there begins a series of large, well-carved slabs which continues until the early 18th century; the inscriptions, which are often marginal, may be in Latin or Scots, and in relief or incised lettering, and many bear shields, often flanked or enclosed by initials and dates.

Desperate to help her ailing brother, a young woman unknowingly agrees to compete in a deadly game of "Would You Rather," hosted by a sadistic aristocrat. On her first trip to Paris, a young woman hits a party in the Catacombs, the mile labyrinth of limestone tunnels under the city that's lined with the remains of 7 million people. When their car breaks down, seven friends on a road trip are forced to stop at a roadside motel for help. With no other option, the friends are convinced to spend the night but soon realize they are trapped, then are tortured and killed off one at a time.

Now, they'll need to work together and fight to survive the seemingly helpful group of people who have turned their overnight stay into a dreadful, gory nightmare. Heading off on a road-trip, a group of friends get stranded near a roadside motel and decide to stay the night only to awake in the morning tied up and being forced to undergo grueling, brutal tortures for a past revenge and must find a way to battle their captors to escape alive.

For the most part, this one wasn't all that great. What really tends to work well here for this one is the fact that there's quite a nicely believable and enjoyable first half which really dispels the notion of the upcoming horror quite nicely as there's a lot of fun to be had here. The shots of them sitting around partying and hanging out at the motel before it all goes down, and it makes for some rather cool times with their ability to keep this section of the film quite interesting.

When it leads into the series of tortures and other tactics committed against the group, that does make for a somewhat more enjoyable time here with some rather fun and exciting tortures throughout here which are much more prominently based on actual tortures being imposed on them which makes for a rather decent time here. With them really running through some solid tortures in the various rooms as in them being tied up to trucks or strapped into chairs above bathtubs filled with water holding a live wire above it, the ideas behind them are kinda cruel and makes for some chilling moments as there's a nice sense of twisted brutality to their madness which is rather fun to watch and sets up the finale nicely as there's plenty of fun chasing and brawling occurring throughout that makes for quite a fun and really enjoyable time throughout here.

These, though, are all that really work for this one since way too much of it isn't all that appealing and features a multitude of big flaws. The main issue to be found here is the fact that there's just absolutely nothing about the villains that makes them someone to be feared or scared of, being the usual assortment of wackos that are simply in the position of power through drugging everyone and it really seems like a situation where it would be quite easy to get the upper hand on them if an actual, honest attempt at putting them away were tried, and as they go for the tormenting and torture route this doesn't get any better.

As a main genre this is simply old and tiresome which really just makes for a rather overdone and quite bland outing here as there's just not a whole lot of interest here generated from that plot line. Then to top if off there's the utter gall of the film to try to tie in their actions with the backstory delivered by them which is so utterly obnoxious, condescending and truly pathetic that it never once comes across as anything but a total joke.

Based on such a lame reasoning in the first place at wanting to find revenge on the guilty party only for that to be the tie into the simply most ridiculous manner of carrying it out which has no need to ever be attempted here truly turns this whole part of the film into quite the pain to get through trying to rationalize the true nature of what's going on which is quite pathetic. This here makes this one such an utterly torturous watch that it really overcomes many of it's positives otherwise. Start your free trial. Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!

Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Full Cast and Crew. There is always something cherished, something rare, when gentlemen die. But few have been the gentlemen whose means permitted them to collect freely precious and beautiful objects. A board for slum clearance should immediately restore one house on South Broad Street; to hang at least one chosen exhibit as John G.

Obviously the collector intended his paintings to represent complete schools; his acquisitions clearly obey that plan. As an artist I gained a knowledge of Venetian painting from the first floor room in his house, not to be got by any other means. I went continually, hoping Monet and Degas might again be on view; but they were not. I got to know a section of his notable gift quite well, with ten years spent on a third of it all; studying some pictures as Johnson meant all should be studied.

In a city particularly dead at centre, the Johnson Mansion was rock among quicksands. Is the city aware of its possessions only as pigeon holes? Primitive and religious art gained especially in significance in that outmoded setting. They had a blood-warming force, so near to modern realities.

The thin, shrill life outside, intruding on all aesthetic thought, as did also the derelict guards provided for the mansion, distracted less than one single note of classicism might. The sly canon behind his curtain, by Titian, was real there, and perturbed by the street scene. Now that the house is far on the way to condemnation, the vitiation of John G.

The palette of the painter at the time of the early Renaissance was rather limited. His selection of colors was:. Vermilions have always occupied an important place on the palette and are valued even today for their range of hues, being manufactured in cool bluish varieties to very warm scarlet and orange tones. However, early painters soon observed the tendency of vermilions to darken when subjected to prolonged direct sunlight exposure, a reaction which is not chemical but photographic.

Vermilions which for centuries had retained their color in illuminated books and manuscripts have been known to darken when placed in museums where they were subjected to direct sunlight. To counteract this change, the early Dutch painters overglazed with Madder Lake, which acts as a filter screen absorbing the actinic rays and retarding reaction. Vermilions have been used from the very earliest times.

Four hundred years B. Like the true vermilion, Red Lead is not stable under prolonged direct sunlight exposure. In tempera and oil, where the pigment is better protected by the vehicle and varnish, Red Lead is fairly permanent. But in such techniques as water color and pastel, where it is less protected, Red Lead, like other pigments, prepared from lead, is sensitive to certain sulphurous gases in the atmosphere and turns black through conversion into the black sulphide of lead. Shearer has moved his studio to South Jessup Street. He has taken a quaint two-story house which he is redecorating attractively.

In most progressive systems today, the curriculum is built around a core subject, designed to fit locality or interest. The worthwhileness of such a system has yet to be proved adequately, but those working in schools where it functions speak well of the plan to date. Four to six more years of trial and experiment will show whether this radical departure from mere subject teaching is to be desired or not.

Many feel that this system, or one stemming from it, will prove the answer to meeting the social and cultural problems confronting the school of today. We talk of meeting these problems in our meetings; we are aware only too well of their existence and yet, in practice, do nothing or next to nothing to face them successfully. Heretofore the core subject around which the whole curriculum of a system has been built, has been some phase of the social sciences—that subject which covers a multitude of courses, ranging from Medieval History to Social Hygiene. Here we have, to begin with, that elastic quality of subject that will stretch in any direction indefinitely.

The fact that it is so pliant, defeats its purpose. Those teachers who care little to change their particular rutted teaching techniques can, by half truth and rationalization, justify their courses to their own satisfaction. If their supervisors and principles also lack vision, they can proceed in the old way, talking progressively in their meetings, but doing nothing in their classrooms.

Supervision also is too often superficial. Our supervisors have long since stopped teaching, and are impervious to the pulse beat of a classroom. They profess satisfaction if they can see work being done and order being kept, too hurried to do a good job, too lax to inquire, too satisfied by their position to bother, too poorly prepared, perhaps, to know. But granting a progressive system and sympathetic and directed supervision, can we go forward logically with an elastic center to our course of study?

Should not the core, the center, rather be firmly established? If it is of sufficient worth, the implications it carries can be stretched to permeate the system. Years ago, a great pioneer in the progressive movement, Dr. Frank Alonzo Hildebrand, said that starting with the greatest of all the world problems as a basis for curriculum building, we could not go wrong, and that that problem could permeate a whole system from kindergarten through the twelfth grade, with enough left over for years of college and graduate work. It is my hope in following articles to advance some ideas and suggestions as to how the art teachers may be the means and the pivot around which such a system, with such a core subject, could revolve.

A jury composed of James House, Jr. A group of thirty paintings by Fellowship members are now on exhibition at The Playhouse, Chestnut Hill. The other purchases were: There were three Academy students represented in the Annual. Jo Mielziner, former student at the P. A drive to acquire new members was started.

Progress of the Alumni Ball, to be held in April, was noted. After the business part of the meeting was over, Richard Dooner gave a very enlightening talk on pinhole photography. March 3 , at 2: March 1 , at 4: Coiner, Art Director of N. This talk is being given under the auspices of the Fellowship of the P. The painting, depicting the development of aviation from to the present, was presented to the Club during the convention of the Institute of Aeronautical Engineers. Schwarz based his designs on material furnished by Mr.

Ralph McClarren of the Franklin Institute, thus insuring accuracy in all technical and historical details. Her first one-man show was held at the Mellon Galleries, Washington, in ; a second, at the McClees Galleries in Presiding at the meeting was Dr. Barnes, President of the Organization, although he modestly asserts he is only filling this post until someone comes along who can do the job better. After his talk, Dr. Following this statement, Barnes invited a suit for criminal libel or for improper use of the mails, a practice in which he proudly admitted his own indulgence.

He believes such a suit would benefit the Friends of Art. Turner of the Philadelphia Board of Education spoke very sanely on the contributions of the Negro to American civilization and his need for fair treatment. He gave instances of negro discrimination and cases where this had been intelligently corrected. Barnes complained that the local press more or less ignores these vital matters of art and education.

He gave reasons for the neglect of each of the daily papers, but failed to mention the Philadelphia Art News, no doubt through an oversight. The two men, long known to museums and private collectors of ceramics for the high quality of their work, have done much to preserve early Pennsylvania Pottery designs and the art of executing them. Working at a Pottery founded by their father in , the two brothers create authentic reproductions of early Pennsylvania German patterns and styles.

Bean pots, pinched water bottles, apple butter jars, coffee pots, plates, pitchers and bread pans are but a few of the many vessels these skilled craftsmen produce. Ben Bittenbender, who has been dividing his time between his native Nescopeck, Pa. He can be reached at the Sketch Club. Friends of Edward C. Smith are conducting a whispering campaign designed to force him into the purchase of a new hat. The Smithsonian Institute is reported interested in acquiring his present chapeau which looks as though it had been run over by a truck.

John Gough moved his residence to Lansdowne this week but still keeps busy at his 15th and Locust Street studio. Gough has been doing those Little Man cartoons for Esslingers Beer and showed us a proof of a sample book done for the Hamilton Paper Co. Barney Moore, New York freelance and Academy alumnus dropped in town recently on his way to Pittsburgh. George Brophy, New York art broker, came also and visited the local agencies to see some of his clients. Betty Bolden Jaxon, who draws all the latest fashions for Strawbridge and Clothier, spent several weeks in Florida looking at people wearing all the latest fashions.

You saw the drawing in the S. The ad features a dramatic photograph of a lighthouse on a rocky headland, and describes the methods used by Hood Studios in creating a fine piece of advertising photography. Everett Henry has an interesting original for a Ford ad and Henry Pitz shows several of the corking illustrations he did for the Post. We saw Johnny Obold pause in front of the Art Alliance on a depressing, murky day last week.

He purchased a bright yellow flower from a vendor on the corner, placed it firmly in his buttonhole, and walked off in the gloom, chin up. A passing old dowager shed a tear through her lorgnette. A group of valuable oil paintings of the American, English, French, and Italian Schools will be put up at auction, March 7 and 8, at 2: These canvases, from the estates of several prominent Philadelphia collectors, among them those of the late Margaret S. Milne and the Honorable James Gay Gordon, include landscape, portraiture, and genre.

A number of famous American painters are represented in these collections. The total group of over one hundred pieces will be on exhibition in the art galleries at —10 Chestnut St. Last issue we gave you the first of our series of Agency Listings, seven agencies, alphabetically arranged, as an illustration of what to expect from subsequent columns.

This is located in a building at 12th and Cherry. While listed under advtsg. The only art-work entailed is the making of stencils. Real Estate Trust Building houses this one, but they use very little, if any, art work. Penn Square Girard Trust Co. Wade Lane is the Art Director. King Aitkin and H. Located at Sansom, this is mostly engraving but they do handle art work. Pretty slow right now, though. Coiner will see you by appointment only; but Mr. Listed separately under advertising are H. Armistead, Adam Kessler, Jr. Rieker, and Clarence L. Jordan, all connected with Ayres.

Barnes, listed separately, is here. This is in the Architects Bldg. Adrian Bauer, listed separately, is here. Petrik or Miss Brown will see you. This office handles the sales only. Sockets in all the moving portions give them life. Stopped in at one of the art stores last week and had a look at the Derayco poster and showcard colors they just received.

These are excellent for poster work, very brilliant, non-smudging, and intermixable. This is an exclusive Derayco feature developed by Devoe chemists. Reasonable prices add to their desirability. Some very helpful color hints. The air-brush, long viewed as a medium used only by advertising artists in poster and display work, is gradually coming into its own in all branches of art. It is used to SPRAY on color instead of the usual brush application, and through it may be used oil, water, or poster color. Adjustments on the nozzle permit it to come down to a hair line or to cover as much as a square foot.

Beautiful gradations of color from dark to light are easily obtained. In many cases, only an air-brush can get the smooth application necessary for reproduction. The usual method of supplying air pressure has been hiring of carbonic gas tanks with regulating gauges. Have you seen the new Payon painting crayon sticks? Remind us of the old water color pencils, but are much more practical.

If its water color you want, simply go over it with water on a brush and there you are. The sticks may be cut up, diluted in water, and you have a wash. A written request or a phone call will bring you the name of the advertiser carrying the above items. You might mention the Art News when patronizing any of our advertisers.

Helps both of us check results.

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Amateur and professional photographers from all over country, including a large group of Philadelphians, contributed favorite prints to reveal a cross-section of contemporary American camera work in the Fourth Annual Zeiss Ikon Photographic Exhibition, held at the Bellevue-Stratford, February 17 to With over three hundred prints to see, each holding some special interest, it is difficult to make sweeping generalities.

Few, if any qualities can be said to be typical of the show as a whole. One characteristic of the modern photographer, however, is outstanding—his capacity to find artistic possibilities in all subjects. Crowell Pepper; a study in the texture of roof-shingles made by F. Many techniques and points of view were employed in this show, suggesting that the modern photographer is almost as free in interpreting his vision as is the painter.

The surrealistic movement in painting is echoed in Ralph E. With dramatic realism Margaret Bourke-White records southern tenant farmers. The juxtaposition of repeated mass and line in Freeman P. The photographer does not, of course, slavishly follow the modes of the painter, but he does reflect predominant currents in contemporary art.